| (documentation GramNegative EnglishLanguage "Gram-negative bacteria are bacteria (Bacterium) that do not retain the crystal violet stain used in the GramStaining method of bacterial differentiation. They are characterized by their cell envelopes, which are composed of a thin peptidoglycan cell wall sandwiched between an inner cytoplasmic CellMembrane and a bacterial outer membrane. Gram-negative bacteria are found in virtually all environments on Earth that support life. The gram-negative bacteria include the model organism Escherichia coli, as well as many pathogenic bacteria, such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Chlamydia trachomatis, and YersiniaPestis. They are an important medical challenge, as their outer membrane protects them from many Antibiotics (including Penicillin), Detergents that would normally damage the inner cell membrane, and lysozyme, an antimicrobial Enzyme produced by animals that forms part of the innate immune system. Additionally, the outer leaflet of this membrane comprises a complex lipopolysaccharide (LPS) whose lipid A component can cause a toxic reaction when bacteria are lysed by immune cells. This toxic reaction lead to low blood pressure, respiratory failure, reduced oxygen delivery, and lactic acidosis—a life-threatening condition known as septic shock. Several classes of antibiotics have been designed to target gram-negative bacteria, including aminopenicillins, ureidopenicillins, cephalosporins, beta-lactam-betalactamase inhibitor combinations (e.g. piperacillin-tazobactam), Folate antagonists, quinolones, and carbapenems. Many of these antibiotics also cover GamPositive organisms. The drugs that specifically target gram negative organisms include aminoglycosides, monobactams (aztreonam) and ciprofloxacin. [from Wikipedia]") |
Medicine.kif 5400-5427 |
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GramNegative