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ChronicObstructivePulmonaryDisease |
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a type of progressive lung disease that is preventable and treatable. COPD is characterized by long-term respiratory symptoms and airflow limitation. The main symptoms include shortness of breath and a cough which may or may not produce mucus. COPD progressively worsens with everyday activities such as walking or dressing becoming difficult. The two most common conditions of COPD are Emphysema and ChronicBronchitis, and they have been the two classic COPD phenotypes. Emphysema is just one of the structural abnormalities that can limit airflow and can exist without airflow limitation in a significant number of people. Chronic bronchitis does not always result in airflow limitation but in young adults who smoke the risk of developing COPD is high. Emphysema and chronic bronchitis remain the predominant phenotypes of COPD but there is often overlap between them, and a number of other phenotypes have also been described. The most common cause of COPD is tobacco smoking. Other risk factors include indoor and outdoor pollution, exposure to occupational irritant substances such as dust from grains, and cadmium dust or fumes, and genetics. In developing countries, common sources of indoor air pollution are the use of coal, and biomass such as wood and dry dung as fuel for cooking and heating. Most people living in European cities are exposed to damaging levels of air pollution. The diagnosis is based on poor airflow as measured by spirometry. [from Wikipedia
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| Instances | 抽象体 | 这些特质或质量，和任何以物理媒介化身的特质/质量不同。抽象 的实例在意义上，可以说是像数学物体如集合和关系般存在，但是它们不能没有任何物理编码或化身便存在于特定的时间 和地点。 |
| | 属性 | 这是我们不能够或选择不去具体化为 Object 的子类别的 质量。 |
| | 生物属性 | 这是特别用于 Organism 实例的 Attribute。 |
| | 疾病或综合症 | 这是一种 BiologicalAttribute，当中它的出现 表示有某些东西正在干扰或改变 Organism 的正常的过程、状态或活动。它的特征通常是主体的一个或多个系统、部分 或 Organ 功能失常。 |
| | 实体 | The universal class of individuals. This is the root node of the ontology. |
| | 内在属性 | 这是 Entity 的 Attribute，任何属于 Entity 内在的特质，如它的形状、颜色和脆弱的程度等。 |
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Belongs to Class
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实体 |
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