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Relationships
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relation |
The Class of relations. There are two kinds of Relation: Predicate and Function. Predicates and Functions both denote sets of ordered n-tuples. The difference between these two Classes is that Predicates cover formula-forming operators, while Functions cover term-forming operators.
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| Instances | acronym | (acronym ?STRING ?ENTITY) means that ?STRING consists of the initial (capitalized) letters of a multiword name for ?ENTITY. Example: IBM is an acronym identifying (naming) a company for which the full name is International Business Machines. |
| | afternoon of | A UnaryFunction that returns the class of Afternoons of the given Day. |
| | agent | (agent ?PROCESS ?AGENT) means that ?AGENT is an active determinant, either animate or inanimate, of the Process ?PROCESS, with or without voluntary intention. For example, Eve is an agent in the following proposition: Eve bit an apple. |
| | agent name | (agentName ?STRING ?OBJ) means that ?STRING is a full or partial name for the AutonomousAgent ?OBJ. |
| | agreement adoption date | (agreementAdoptionDate ?AGR ?TIME) means that the agreement ?AGR was adopted on the date indicated by ?TIME. For example, (agreementAdoptionDate ConstitutionOfTheUnitedStates (DayFn 17 (MonthFn September (YearFn 1787)))). |
| | agreement effective during | (agreementEffectiveDuring ?AGR ?DATE) means that the agreement ?AGR is effective during the time indicated by ?DATE. The agreement may be effective for longer than ?DATE, but it is in effect at least throughout the time indicated by ?DATE. |
| | alias | (alias ?STRING ?AGENT) means that ?STRING is an alternate identifier for ?AGENT, and is likely being used to hide or obscure ?AGENT's true identity. |
| | altitude | A TernaryPredicate that is used to state the distance between the top of an Object and another point that is below the top of the Object (often this other point will be sea level). Note that this Predicate can be used to specify, for example, the height of geographic features, e.g. mountains, the altitude of aircraft, and the orbit of satellites around the Earth. |
| | ancestor organization | (ancestorOrganization ?ORG1 ?ORG2) means that the Organization ?ORG1 descended from the Organization ?ORG2. |
| | area of operation | An operational area defined by the joint force commander for land and naval forces. Areas of operation do not typically encompass the entire operational area of the joint force commander, but should be large enough for component commanders to accomplish their missions and protect their forces. Also called AO. See also area of responsibility, joint operations area, joint special operations area. |
| | atomic number | (atomicNumber ?ELEMENT ?NUMBER) means that the ElementalSubstance ?ELEMENT has the atomic number ?NUMBER. The atomic number is the number of Protons in the nucleus of an Atom. |
| | attends | (attends ?DEMO ?PERSON) means that ?PERSON attends, i.e. is a member of the audience, of the performance event ?DEMO. |
| | attr | For given class and for given attribute, return a subclass of the class of the argument having the attribute |
| | average | A partial function that relates a List to a RealNumber, provided that the List only has list elements that are RealNumbers. The RealNumber associated with the List is equal to the mathematical average of the RealNumbers in the List divided by the total number of list elements. |
| | back | A Function that maps an Object to the side that is opposite the FrontFn of the Object. Note that this is a partial function, since some Objects do not have sides, e.g. apples and spheres. Note too that the range of this Function is indefinite in much the way that ImmediateFutureFn and ImmediatePastFn are indefinite. Although this indefiniteness is undesirable from a theoretical standpoint, it does not have significant practical implications, since there is widespread intersubjective agreement about the most common cases. |
| | brother | The general relationship of being a brother. (brother ?MAN ?PERSON) means that ?MAN is the brother of ?PERSON. |
| | catalog item | (catalogItem ?OBJ ?CATALOG) means that an instance of ?OBJ is a member of ?CATALOG |
| | coding | A relation between a ContentBearingObject and a CodingScheme that specifies how the content is expressed. Typically, this will be used either for encoded secret communications or computer files that might be coded simply for data compression instead of information security. |
| | conjugate | (conjugate ?COMPOUND1 ?COMPOUND2) means that ?COMPOUND1 and ?COMPOUND2 are identical CompoundSubstances except that one has one more Proton than the other. |
| | connected engineering components | This is the most general connection relation between EngineeringComponents. If (connectedEngineeringComponents ?COMP1 ?COMP2), then neither ?COMP1 nor ?COMP2 can be an engineeringSubcomponent of the other. The relation connectedEngineeringComponents is a SymmetricRelation, there is no information in the direction of connection between two components. It is also an IrreflexiveRelation, no EngineeringComponent bears this relation to itself. Note that this relation does not associate a name or type with the connection. |
| | contains | The relation of spatial containment for two separable objects. When the two objects are not separable (e.g. an automobile and one of its seats), the relation of part should be used. (contains ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that the SelfConnectedObject ?OBJ1 has a space (i.e. a HoleRegion) which is at least partially filled by ?OBJ2. |
| | customer | A very general relation that exists whenever there is a FinancialTransaction between the two Agents such that the first is the destination of the FinancialTransaction and the second is the agent. |
| | day | A BinaryFunction that assigns a PositiveRealNumber and a subclass of Months to the Days within each Month corresponding to that PositiveRealNumber. For example, (DayFn 16 August) is the Class of all sixteenth days of August. For another example, (DayFn 9 Month) would return the class of all ninth days of any month. For still another example, (DayFn 18 (MonthFn August (YearFn 1912))) denotes the 18th day of August 1912. |
| | destination | (destination ?PROCESS ?GOAL) means that ?GOAL is the target or goal of the Process ?PROCESS. For example, Danbury would be the destination in the following proposition: Bob went to Danbury. Note that this is a very general CaseRole and, in particular, that it covers the concepts of 'recipient' and 'beneficiary'. Thus, John would be the destination in the following proposition: Tom gave a book to John. |
| | diplomatic relations | (diplomaticRelations ?COUNTRY1 ?COUNTRY2) means that there are official diplomatic relations between the two Nations ?COUNTRY1 and ?COUNTRY2. |
| | direction | (direction ?PROC ?ATTR) means that the Process ?PROC is moving in the direction ?ATTR. For example, one would use this Predicate to represent the fact that Max is moving North. |
| | disjoint relation | This predicate relates two Relations. (disjointRelation ?REL1 ?REL2) means that the two relations have no tuples in common. |
| | division | If ?NUMBER1 and ?NUMBER2 are Numbers, then (DivisionFn ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2) is the result of dividing ?NUMBER1 by ?NUMBER2. Note that when ?NUMBER1 = 1 (DivisionFn ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2) is the reciprocal of ?NUMBER2. Note too that (DivisionFn ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2) is undefined when ?NUMBER2 = 0. |
| | edition | A BinaryFunction that maps a type of text (e.g. Agatha Christie's Murder-on-the-Orient-Express) and a number to the edition of the text type corresponding to the number. |
| | Evening fn | A UnaryFunction that returns the class of Evenings of the given Day. |
| | event partly located | (eventPartlyLocated ?PROC ?OBJ) means that some subProcess of Process ?PROC is located in Object ?OBJ. |
| | experiencer | (experiencer ?PROCESS ?AGENT) means that ?AGENT experiences the Process ?PROCESS. For example, Yojo is the experiencer of seeing in the following proposition: Yojo sees the fish. Note that experiencer, unlike agent, does not entail a causal relation between its arguments. |
| | export partner | (exportPartner ?AGENT1 ?AGENT2) means that the AutonomousAgent ?AGENT1 exports goods to the AutonomousAgent ?AGENT2. |
| | extension | A UnaryFunction that maps an Attribute into the Class whose condition for membership is the Attribute. |
| | father | The general relationship of fatherhood. (father ?CHILD ?FATHER) means that ?FATHER is the biological father of ?CHILD. |
| | filename | A relation between a SymbolicString and an instance of DigitalData that specified the filename of the data on a particular computer file system. This relation is for a fully qualified filename including a device specification such as a drive letter or name, a directory, and a name. This can include names that are aliases for a different physical file location. It does not include the specification of a particular machine on a network, such as an internet domain name, although it may reference a device specification that ultimately resolves to a storage device on a network. |
| | front | A Function that maps an Object to the side that generally receives the most attention or that typically faces the direction in which the Object moves. Note that this is a partial function, since some Objects do not have sides, e.g. apples and spheres. Note too that the range of this Function is indefinite in much the way that ImmediateFutureFn and ImmediatePastFn are indefinite. Although this indefiniteness is undesirable from a theoretical standpoint, it does not have significant practical implications, since there is widespread intersubjective agreement about the most common cases. |
| | government | (GovernmentFn ?AREA) denotes the Government of the GeopoliticalArea ?AREA. For example, (GovernmentFn UnitedStates) denotes the Federal-level government of the United States, (GovernmentFn PuertoRico) denotes the government of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico. |
| | greatest common divisor | (GreatestCommonDivisorFn ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2 ... ?NUMBER) returns the greatest common divisor of ?NUMBER1 through ?NUMBER. |
| | hinders | A general Predicate, where (hinders ?PROC1 ?PROC2) means that an instance of ?PROC1 decreasesLikelihood of occurrence of ?PROC2. Compare with prevents which is stronger and hindersSubclass which relates classes of Processes. |
| | hinders subclass | A very general Predicate. (hindersSubclass ?PROC1 ?PROC2) means that the Process ?PROC1 hindersSubclass or hinders the occurrence of the Process ?PROC2. For example, obstructing an object hindersSubclass moving it. Note that this is a relation between types of Processes, not between instances. |
| | hostile forces | (hostileForces ?UNIT1 ?UNIT2) means that the MilitaryUnits ?UNIT1 and ?UNIT2 are, respectively, allied with GeopoliticalAreas that are at war with one another. |
| | hour | A BinaryFunction that assigns a PositiveRealNumber and a subclass of Days to the Hours within each Day corresponding to that NonnegativeInteger. For example, (HourFn 12 Thursday) is the Class of all instances of noon Thursday. For another example, (HourFn 0 Day) would return the class of all instances of midnight. For still another example, (HourFn 14 (DayFn 18 (MonthFn August (YearFn 1912)))) denotes 2 PM on the 18th day of August 1912. |
| | husband | (husband ?MAN ?WOMAN) means that ?MAN is the husband of ?WOMAN. |
| | import partner | (importPartner ?AGENT1 ?AGENT2) means that the AutonomousAgent ?AGENT1 imports goods from the AutonomousAgent ?AGENT2. |
| | in list | The analog of element and instance for Lists. (inList ?OBJ ?LIST) means that ?OBJ is in the List ?LIST. For example, (inList Tuesday (ListFn Monday Tuesday Wednesday)) would be true. |
| | initial node | A UnaryFunction that maps a GraphArc to the initial node of the GraphArc. Note that this is a partial function. In particular, the function is undefined for GraphArcs that are not part of a DirectedGraph. |
| | instrument | (instrument ?EVENT ?TOOL) means that ?TOOL is used by an agent in bringing about ?EVENT and that ?TOOL is not changed by ?EVENT. For example, the key is an instrument in the following proposition: The key opened the door. Note that instrument and resource cannot be satisfied by the same ordered pair. |
| | integer square root | (IntegerSquareRootFn ?NUMBER) returns the integer square root of ?NUMBER. |
| | inverse | The inverse of a BinaryRelation is a Relation in which all the tuples of the original Relation are reversed. In other words, one BinaryRelation is the inverse of another if they are equivalent when their arguments are swapped. |
| | kappa | A class-forming operator that takes two arguments: a variable and a formula containing at least one unbound occurrence of the variable. The result of applying KappaFn to a variable and a formula is the Class of things that satisfy the formula. For example, we can denote the Class of prime numbers that are less than 100 with the following expression: (KappaFn ?NUMBER (and (instance ?NUMBER PrimeNumber) (lessThan ?NUMBER 100))). Note that the use of this function is discouraged, since there is currently no axiomatic support for it. |
| | key name | (keyName ?S1 ?S2) means that ?S1 is the subString of ?S2 (i.e., the component name) typically used for alphabetical name indexing. |
| | least common multiple | (LeastCommonMultipleFn ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2 ... ?NUMBER) returns the least common multiple of ?NUMBER1 through ?NUMBER. |
| | legal guardian | (holdsDuring ?T1 (legalGuardian ?H1 ?H2)) means that during the time ?T1, ?H2 has legal authority over ?H1, and is responsible for looking after ?H1's interests. |
| | list order | (ListOrderFn ?LIST ?NUMBER) denotes the item that is in the ?NUMBER position in the List ?LIST. For example, (ListOrderFn (ListFn Monday Tuesday Wednesday) 2) would return the value Tuesday. |
| | mime type | A relation between ComputerData and the MIME type it is coded in, with respect to IETF RFC 2045. |
| | minute | A BinaryFunction that assigns a PositiveRealNumber and a subclass of Hours to the Minutes within each Hour corresponding to that NonnegativeInteger. For example, (MinuteFn 30 (HourFn 17 Day)) is the Class of all 5:30's in the afternoon. For another example, (MinuteFn 15 Hour) would return the class of all instances of quarter past the hour. For still another example, (MinuteFn 15 (HourFn 14 (DayFn 18 (MonthFn August (YearFn 1912))))) denotes 15 minutes after 2 PM on the 18th day of August 1912. |
| | modal attribute | A BinaryRelation that is used to state the normative force of a Proposition. (modalAttribute ?FORMULA ?PROP) means that the Proposition expressed by ?FORMULA has the NormativeAttribute ?PROP. For example, (modalAttribute (exists (?ACT ?OBJ) (and (instance ?ACT Giving) (agent ?ACT John) (patient ?ACT ?OBJ) (destination ?ACT Tom))) Obligation) means that John is obligated to give Tom something. |
| | month | A BinaryFunction that maps a subclass of Month and a subclass of Year to the class containing the Month corresponding to that Year. For example (MonthFn August (YearFn 1912)) is the class containing the eighth Month, i.e. August, of the Year 1912. For another example, (MonthFn August Year) is equal to August, the class of all months of August. Note that this function returns a Class as a value. The reason for this is that the related functions, viz. DayFn, HourFn, MinuteFn, and SecondFn, are used to generate both specific TimeIntervals and recurrent intervals, and the only way to do this is to make the domains and ranges of these functions classes rather than individuals. |
| | morning fn | A UnaryFunction that returns the class of Mornings of the given Day. |
| | mother | The general relationship of motherhood. (mother ?CHILD ?MOTHER) means that ?MOTHER is the biological mother of ?CHILD. |
| | origin | (origin ?PROCESS ?SOURCE) means that ?SOURCE indicates where the ?Process began. Note that this relation implies that ?SOURCE is present at the beginning of the process, but need not participate throughout the process. For example, the submarine is the origin in the following proposition: the missile was launched from a submarine. |
| | overlap partially | (overlapsPartially ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that ?OBJ1 and ?OBJ2 have part(s) in common, but neither ?OBJ1 nor ?OBJ2 is a part of the other. |
| | patient | (patient ?PROCESS ?ENTITY) means that ?ENTITY is a participant in ?PROCESS that may be moved, said, experienced, etc. For example, the direct objects in the sentences 'The cat swallowed the canary' and 'Billy likes the beer' would be examples of patients. Note that the patient of a Process may or may not undergo structural change as a result of the Process. The CaseRole of patient is used when one wants to specify as broadly as possible the object of a Process. |
| | penetrates | (penetrates ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that ?OBJ1 is connected to ?OBJ2 along at least one whole dimension (length, width or depth). |
| | periodical issue | A BinaryFunction that maps a subclass of Periodical and a number to all of the issues of the Periodical corresponding to the number. |
| | prevents | A very general Predicate. (prevents ?PROC1 ?PROC2) means that an instance of ?PROC1 prevents the occurrence of ?PROC2. Note the difference between this relation and preventsSubclass, which is relating classes and not instance-class. |
| | prevents subclass | A very general Predicate. (preventsSubclass ?PROC1 ?PROC2) means that ?PROC1 preventsSubclass the occurrence of ?PROC2. In other words, if ?PROC1 is occurring in a particular time and place, ?PROC2 cannot occur at the same time and place. For example, innoculating preventsSubclass contracting disease. Note that this is a relation between types of Processes, not between instances. |
| | quarter fn | A BinaryFunction that assigns a PositiveRealNumber and a subclass of Year to the Quarter within each Year corresponding to that PositiveRealNumber. For example, (QuarterFn 4 (YearFn 1999)) is the singular Class of the last QuarterYear of the Year 1999. |
| | recurrent time interval | A function that is useful for generating recurring time intervals. For example, (RecurrentTimeIntervalFn (HourFn 6 Day)(HourFn 12 Day)) returns the Class of TimeIntervals beginning at 6 in the morning and ending at 12 noon. For another example, (RecurrentTimeInterval Saturday Sunday) returns the Class of all weekends. For still another example, (RecurrentTimeInterval June August) returns the Class containing the academic summer period. |
| | remainder | (RemainderFn ?NUMBER ?DIVISOR) is the remainder of the number ?NUMBER divided by the number ?DIVISOR. The result has the same sign as ?DIVISOR. |
| | resource | (resource ?PROCESS ?RESOURCE) means that ?RESOURCE is present at the beginning of ?PROCESS, is used by ?PROCESS, and as a consequence is changed by ?PROCESS. For example, soap is a resource in the following proposition: the gun was carved out of soap. Note that resource differs from instrument, another subrelation of patient, in that its internal or physical properties are altered in some way by the Process. |
| | resource exhausted | (resourceExhausted ?PROCESS ?RESOURCE) means that ?RESOURCE is present at the beginning of ?PROCESS, is used by ?PROCESS, and as a consequence is completely used up by the ?PROCESS. For example, fuel is a resourceExhausted in the following proposition: the plane run out of fuel and ditched in the sea. |
| | result | (result ?ACTION ?OUTPUT) means that ?OUTPUT is a product of ?ACTION. For example, house is a result in the following proposition: Eric built a house. |
| | second | A BinaryFunction that assigns a PositiveRealNumber and a subclass of Minutes to the Seconds within each Minute corresponding to that PositiveRealNumber. For example, (SecondFn 4 (MinuteFn 5 Hour)) is the Class of all fourth Seconds of every fifth Minute of every hour. For another example, (SecondFn 8 Minute) would return the eighth second of every minute. For still another example, (SecondFn 9 (MinuteFn 15 (HourFn 14 (DayFn 18 (MonthFn August (YearFn 1912)))))) denotes 9 seconds and 15 minutes after 2 PM on the 18th day of August 1912. |
| | series volume | A BinaryFunction that maps a type of Series (e.g. the Encyclopedia-Britannica or the Popular-Mechanics periodical) and a number to the volumes of the text type designated by the number. |
| | sibling | The relationship between two Organisms that have the same mother and father. Note that this relationship does not hold between half-brothers, half-sisters, etc. |
| | sister | The general relationship of being a sister. (sister ?WOMAN ?PERSON) means that ?WOMAN is the sister of ?PERSON. |
| | spelling in language | The predicate. (spellingInLanguage ?SYMBOLICSTRING ?WORD ?LANGUAGE) means that the SymbolicString ?SYMBOLICSTRING expresses the Word ?WORD in the Language ?LANGUAGE. |
| | spouse | The relationship of marriage between two Humans. |
| | stored | (stored ?REC ?OBJ) means that some ContentBearingObject, encoded in some format, is saved in some DataStorageDevice and can be accessed in some future date. |
| | sub plan | (subPlan ?PLAN1 ?PLAN2) means that ?PLAN1 is a Plan which is a proper part of ?PLAN2. This relation is generally used to relate a supporting Plan to the overall Plan in a particular context. |
| | sub proposition | (subProposition ?PROP1 ?PROP2) means that ?PROP1 is a Proposition which is a proper part of the Proposition ?PROP2. In other words, subProposition is the analogue of properPart for chunks of abstract content. |
| | substring fn | (SubstringFn ?SymbolicString ?NonnegativeInteger-1 ?NonnegativeInteger-2) denotes a string that is a subString of ?SymbolicString, begins with the Character at the index ?NonnegativeInteger-1, and ends with the Character at the index (SubtractionFn ?NonnegativeInteger-2 1). The first Character in ?SymbolicString is denoted by the index 0. If the value of ?NonnegativeInteger-1 or ?NonnegativeInteger-2 is greater than the value of (StringLengthFn ?SymbolicString), or if ?NonnegativeInteger-1 is greater than ?NonnegativeInteger-2, the result of evaluating the SubstringFn expression is undefined. Example: (equal "Charle" (SubstringFn "Charles Darwin" 0 6)). |
| | successor attribute closure | The transitive closure of successorAttribute. (successorAttributeClosure ?ATTR1 ?ATTR2) means that there is a chain of successorAttribute assertions connecting ?ATTR1 and ?ATTR2. |
| | suffers | The opposite of benefits. The Agent does not want the action to occur. |
| | superficial part | (superficialPart ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that ?OBJ1 is a part of ?OBJ2 that has no interior parts of its own (or, intuitively, that only overlaps those parts of ?OBJ2 that are externally connected with the mereological complement of ?OBJ2). This too is a transitive relation closed under MereologicalSumFn and MereologicalProductFn. |
| | temporally between | (temporallyBetween ?POINT1 ?POINT2 ?POINT3) means that the TimePoint ?POINT2 is between the TimePoints ?POINT1 and ?POINT3, i.e. ?POINT1 is before ?POINT2 and ?POINT2 is before ?POINT3. |
| | temporally between or equal | (temporallyBetweenOrEqual ?POINT1 ?POINT2 ?POINT3) means that the TimePoint ?POINT1 is before or equal to the TimePoint ?POINT2 and ?POINT2 is before or equal to the TimePoint ?POINT3. |
| | terminal node | A UnaryFunction that maps a GraphArc to the terminal node of the GraphArc. Note that this is a partial function. In particular, the function is undefined for GraphArcs that are not part of a DirectedGraph. |
| | time interval | A BinaryFunction that takes two TimePoints as arguments and returns the TimeInterval defined by these two TimePoints.Note that the first TimePoint must occur earlier than the second TimePoint. |
| | unique identifier | The class of names that uniquely identify an instance of Entity. Some examples of uniqueIdentifiers are the keys of tables in database applications and the ISBN (International Standard Book Number). |
| | week fn | A BinaryFunction that assigns a PositiveRealNumber and a subclass of Year to the Week within each Year corresponding to that PositiveRealNumber. For example, (WeekFn 4 (YearFn 1999)) is the singular Class of all fourth Weeks of the Year 1999. |