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more pictures... A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z natural language The subclass of HumanLanguages which are not designed and which evolve from generation to generation. This Class includes all of the national languages, e.g. English, Spanish, Japanese, etc. Note that this class includes dialects of natural languages. Relationships       Parents human language The subclass of Languages used by Humans. Children Chinese language ChineseLanguage is a group of languages spoken mostly by a GroupOfPeople who live in China, Taiwan, HongKong, Singapore and expatriates from these places and their descendants.   language family A LanguageFamily is group of SpokenHumanLanguages related through descent from a common ancestral language. (reference from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_family)   pashto language Of the 11 SoutheasternIranianLanguages, four of these are classified as a PashtoLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)   persian language Of the 16 SouthwesternIranianLanguages, 10 of these are classified as a PersianLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) Instances Arabic language   Bengali language   Chinese language ChineseLanguage is a group of languages spoken mostly by a GroupOfPeople who live in China, Taiwan, HongKong, Singapore and expatriates from these places and their descendants.   czech language The CzechLanguage is a CzechSlovakLanguage of the CzechRepublic. SIL code: CZC. ISO 639-1: cs. ISO 639-2(B): cze. ISO 639-2(T): ces. Population: 10,004,800 in Czech Republic (1990 WA). Population total all countries: 12,000,000 (1999 WA). Region: Western, Bohemia, Moravia, Silesia. Also spoken in Austria, Bulgaria, Canada, Israel, Poland, Slovakia, Ukraine, USA. Alternate names: CESTINA, BOHEMIAN. Dialects: CENTRAL BOHEMIAN, CZECHO_MORAVIAN, HANAK, LACH (YALACH), NORTHEAST BOHEMIAN, SOUTHWEST BOHEMIAN. Comments: All Czech and Slovak dialects are inherently intelligible to each other's speakers. National language. Grammar. SVO. Christian. Bible 1380-1980.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)   dutch language The DutchLanguage is a LowFranconianLanguage of the Netherlands. SIL code: DUT. ISO 639-1: nl. ISO 639-2(B): dut. ISO 639-2(T): nld. Population: 13,400,000 in the Netherlands (1976 WA). Population total all countries: 20,000,000 or more (1988 J.G. Kooij in B. Comrie). Region: Also spoken in: Aruba, Australia, Belgium, Canada, France, Germany, Indonesia, Israel, Netherlands Antilles, Philippines, Suriname, UAE, USA. Alternate names: NEDERLANDS, HOLLANDS. Dialects: BREDAS, VENLOS. Comments: The name 'Dutch' is resented by some speakers. National language. Dictionary. Grammar. SOV. Bible 1522-1988. Also spoken in: Aruba. (Language name: DUTCH.) Comments: It is decreasing in importance. Official language. Bible 1522-1988. Also spoken in: Belgium. (Language name: DUTCH.) Population: 4,620,150 in Belgium (1990 WA). Alternate names: NEDERLANDS. Dialects: BRABANTS, OOST_VLAAMS. Comments: The variety of Dutch (not Vlaams) spoken in Belgium is only slightly different from the variety spoken in the Netherlands. Called 'Vlaams' in Belgium, even though it is different from the (West) Vlaams spoken there. In the Dutch linguistic area there are minority rights for French_speaking persons in Drogenbos, Kraainem, Linkebeek, Sint_Genesius_Rode, Wemmel, Wezembeek_Oppem, Mesen, Spiere_Helkijn, Ronse, Bever, Herstappe, Voeren. Official language. Radio programs, TV. Bible 1522-1988. Also spoken in: France. (Language name: DUTCH.) Population: 80,000 in Westhoek. Comments: Not used in schools. Usage is reported to be diminishing. Bible 1522-1988. Also spoken in: Netherlands Antilles. (Language name: DUTCH.) Comments: It is decreasing in importance. Official language. Bible 1522-1988. Also spoken in: Suriname. (Language name: DUTCH.) Population: 200,000 mother tongue speakers in Suriname (1997 Christa DeKleine), many of whom are native bilingual speakers with Sranan or Sarnami Hindustani. Comments: National language. Bible 1522-1992.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)   english language The EnglishLanguage is an EnglishGroupLanguage of the UnitedKingdom. SIL code: ENG. ISO 639-1: en. ISO 639-2: eng. Population: 55,000,000 first language speakers in United Kingdom (1984 estimate). Population total all countries 341,000,000 first language speakers (1999 WA), 508,000,000 including second language speakers (1999 WA). Region: Also spoken in 104 other countries including American Samoa, Andorra, Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda, Aruba, Australia, Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Bermuda, Botswana, British Indian Ocean Territory, British Virgin Islands, Brunei, Cameroon, Canada, Cayman Islands, Cook Islands, Denmark. Dialects: COCKNEY, SCOUSE, GEORDIE, WEST COUNTRY, EAST ANGLIA, BIRMINGHAM (BRUMMY, BRUMMIE), SOUTH WALES, EDINBURGH, BELFAST, CORNWALL, CUMBERLAND, CENTRAL CUMBERLAND, DEVONSHIRE, EAST DEVONSHIRE, DORSET, DURHAM, BOLTON LANCASHIRE, NORTH LANCASHIRE, RADCLIFFE LANCASHIRE, NORTHUMBERLAND, NORFOLK, NEWCASTLE NORTHUMBERLAND, TYNESIDE NORTHUMBERLAND, LOWLAND SCOTTISH, SOMERSET, SUSSEX, WESTMORLAND, NORTH WILTSHIRE, CRAVEN YORKSHIRE, NORTH YORKSHIRE, SHEFFIELD YORKSHIRE, WEST YORKSHIRE. Comments: 60% lexical similarity with German, 27% with French, 24% with Russian. National language. Dictionary. Grammar. SVO, prepositions, genitives after noun heads, articles, adjectives, numerals before noun heads, question word initial, word order distinguishes subject, object, indirect objects, given and new information, topic and comment, active and passive, causative, comparative, consonant and vowel clusters, nontonal. Deciduous forest. Island, plains, hills. Industrial, fishermen, craftsman. Christian. Bible 1382-1989. Also spoken in: American Samoa. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Population: 1,248 first language speakers in American Samoa, foreign born (1970 census), 15,050 mainly second language speakers, representing 75% of the native born population. Comments: Official language. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: Anguilla. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Comments: National language. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: Antigua and Barbuda. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Comments: National language. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: Aruba. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Dialects: ARUBA ENGLISH. Comments: The third most important language. Bible 1382-1989. Also spoken in: Australia. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Population: 15,682,000 in Australia (1987), 95% of population (1980 WA). Dialects: AUSTRALIAN STANDARD ENGLISH, ABORIGINAL ENGLISH, NEO_NYUNGAR (NOONGA, NOONGAR, NOOGAR). Comments: Minor regional dialect differences. Neo_Nyungar is the community dialect of the Nyungar people. National language. Dictionary. Bible 1382-1989. Also spoken in: Bahamas. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Comments: National language. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: Barbados. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Population: 13,000 (1995). Comments: National language. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: Belize. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Population: Second language speakers: 55,998 in Belize (1991 census). Comments: Used in education, government, and business. National language. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: Bermuda. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Population: 58,800 in Bermuda (1989 estimate). Dialects: BERMUDAN ENGLISH. Comments: Colloquial English may not be a creole but a regional variety of uncreolized English. National language. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: Botswana. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Alternate names: SEKGOA. Comments: International trade, medium of western influences, language of instruction from fifth grade, written language, official purposes, as second language. Official language. Taught as a subject from the beginning of primary school as a required subject. Officially becomes the language of instruction in Standard 5. Standard 7 exams are written in English. Medium of instruction. Newspapers, magazines, radio programs, TV. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: British Indian Ocean Territory. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Comments: The indigenous population no longer resides in the islands. Current residents include members of the USA military, a small detachment of British officials, and support staff, mainly of Mauritian and Philippine origin. Official language. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: British Virgin Islands. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Population: 2,000 (1998). Comments: National language. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: Brunei. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Population: 8,000 in Brunei. 16% of ethnic Chinese speak English as first language. Probably other first language speakers. Comments: Government, education. Used increasingly by educated speakers as first or second language. National language. Newspapers, TV. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: Cameroon. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Comments: Official language. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: Canada. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Population: 17,100,000 mother tongue speakers in Canada, or 60% of the population (1998 Statistics Canada). 820,000 mother tongue speakers in Quebec (1995 Statistics Canada), plus another 1,500,000 in Quebec whose first or second language is English (1995 Statistics Canada). Dialects: NEWFOUNDLAND ENGLISH. Comments: National language. Bible 1382-1989. Also spoken in: Cayman Islands. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Population: 9,200 (1993). Comments: National language. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: Cook Islands. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Population: 683 in Cook Islands (1966 UN report). Comments: National language. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: Dominica. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Dialects: DOMINICAN ENGLISH. Comments: National language. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: Eritrea. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Comments: Language of higher education and many technical fields. National language. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: Ethiopia. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Population: 1,986 mother tongue speakers, 169,726 second language users (1998 census). Comments: Language of higher education, many technical fields, and international communication. Official language. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: Falkland Islands. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Population: 1,991 in Falkland Islands (1993 Johnstone). Comments: National language. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: Fiji. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Population: 4,929 Europeans in Fiji (1976 census). An additional 10,276 or 1.8% of population (1976 census) are part_European, and speak English and Fijian. Comments: Also used by many urban Chinese (4,652 in 1976), Rotuman, occasionally by Indians, rarely by Fijians (P. Geraghty 1981). Main language of commerce, education, government. There are also reports of a Fijian Pidgin English. National language. Newspapers, radio programs. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: Gambia. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Comments: Official language. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: Ghana. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Population: Second language speakers: 1,000,000 (1977 Voegelin and Voegelin). Comments: Official language. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: Gibraltar. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Population: 3,300 in Gibraltar (1993 Johnstone). Dialects: YANITO. Comments: Yanito is spoken by most Gibraltarians among themselves. It is a dialect of English with a strong Spanish influence, with over 500 words coming from Genoese (Ligurian) and Hebrew. Official language. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: Grenada. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Dialects: GRENADIAN ENGLISH. Comments: Post_creole English with French Creole influences (M. Alleyne). National language. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: Guam. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Population: 28,800 in Guam (1987). Comments: USA military and dependents. National language. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: Guyana. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Dialects: GUYANESE ENGLISH. Comments: Spoken as first language by some Blacks and some Hindustanis. National language. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: Honduras. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Population: 9,000 first language speakers in Honduras. Comments: Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: India. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Population: Second language speakers: 11,021,610 (1961 census). Comments: Official language. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: Ireland. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Population: 2,600,000 in Ireland (1983 estimate). Dialects: SOUTH HIBERNO ENGLISH, NORTH HIBERNO ENGLISH. Comments: National language. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: Israel. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Population: 100,000 in Israel (1993). Alternate names: ANGLIT. Comments: Official language. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: Jamaica. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Comments: National language. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: Kenya. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Population: Mainly second language speakers. Comments: Official language. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: Kiribati. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Population: 338 in Kiribati (1978 census). Comments: National language. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: Lebanon. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Comments: Has been used to some extent since the founding of the American University of Beirut in 1866. Many English language publications. Not spoken on the street or in Lebanese homes. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: Lesotho. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Comments: Official language. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: Liberia. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Population: 69,000 or 2.5% of the population are Americo_Liberian (1993). Dialects: LIBERIAN STANDARD ENGLISH. Comments: Official language. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: Malawi. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Population: 16,000 in Malawi (1993). Comments: Official language. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: Malaysia (Peninsular). (Language name: ENGLISH.) Comments: Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: Malta. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Population: 2,400 speakers in Malta (1993 Johnstone). Comments: National language. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: Marshall Islands. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Comments: Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: Mauritius. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Population: 3,000 in Mauritius (1993 Johnstone). Comments: Used in secondary school, courts, for road signs. Not widely known. Official language. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: Micronesia. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Population: 3,540 first language speakers in Micronesia, foreign born (1970 census). Comments: National language. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: Midway Islands. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Population: 2,256 in Midway (1975 WA). Comments: National language. 99% USA military. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: Montserrat. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Comments: National language. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: Namibia. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Population: 10,941 in Namibia (1991 census). Comments: Not understood or spoken by everyone. Official language. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: Nauru. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Population: 564 first language speakers, 7,254 including second language users (1979 Government figures). Comments: National language. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: Netherlands Antilles. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Comments: Post_creole English is the dialect used (Alleyne). The third most important language in Netherlands Antilles. Bible 1382-1989. Also spoken in: New Zealand. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Population: 3,213,000 in New Zealand (1987), 90% of the population. Comments: National language. Bible 1382-1989. Also spoken in: Nigeria. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Population: Second language speakers: 1,000,000 (1977 Voegelin and Voegelin). Comments: Used in government, education. Official language. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: Niue. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Population: Second language speakers in Niue: 2,082. Comments: National language. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: Norfolk Island. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Population: 1,678 in Norfolk Island (1980 Government report). Comments: National language. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: Northern Mariana Islands. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Comments: National language. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: Pakistan. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Comments: Mainly second language speakers in Pakistan. Official language. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: Palau. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Comments: National language. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: Papua New Guinea. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Population: 50,000 in Papua New Guinea (1987), 1.5% of the population. Comments: Official language. Used in schools. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: Philippines. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Population: 32,802 in Philippines (1990 census). 52% of the population said they could speak it as a second language (1980 census). Comments: National language. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: Pitcairn. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Comments: National language. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: Puerto Rico. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Population: 82,000 mother tongue speakers (1995), 376,371 second language users (1970 census). Comments: National language. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: Rwanda. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Population: Mainly second language speakers. Comments: There may be more users of English than of French. Official language. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: Seychelles. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Population: 1,601 in Seychelles (1971 census). Comments: Principal language of the schools. Official language. Bible 1382-1989. Also spoken in: Sierra Leone. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Comments: Used in administration, law, education, commerce. Official language. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: Singapore. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Population: 227,000 speakers, 8.9% of population, 729,000 second language users (literate in English) in Singapore, 28.5% of population (1985 estimate). Comments: Ethnic groups which use English: Chinese 154,000, 68%, European and Eurasian 34,000, 15%, Indian 32,000, 14%, Malay 6,000, 3%. Chinese varieties and Tamil also used at home. National language. Bible 1382-1989. Also spoken in: Solomon Islands. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Comments: National language. Bible 1382-1989. Also spoken in: Somalia. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Comments: Used more in the north. Official language. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: South Africa. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Population: 3,500,000 in South Africa (1991 Christos van Rensburg), 9.1% of the population (1995 The Economist). Comments: The main means of communication in urban areas. Many second generation people from India, Portugal, Germany, and Greece speak English as first language. Official language. Bible 1382-1989. Also spoken in: Sri Lanka. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Population: 97,000 first language speakers in Sri Lanka (1962). Comments: Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: St. Helena. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Comments: National language. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: St. Kitts_Nevis. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Comments: National language. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: St. Lucia. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Dialects: ST. LUCIAN ENGLISH. Comments: There is an emerging English vernacular on St. Lucia, in a certain rural area. It is significantly restructured, heavily French creole_influenced, English lexicon (Paul Garrett 1998). National language. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: St. Pierre and Miquelon. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Population: 188 in St. Pierre and Miquelon (1967 census). Comments: Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: St. Vincent and the Grenadines. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Comments: National language. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: Swaziland. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Comments: Taught in all government and private schools. National language. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: Tanzania. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Population: Second language speakers in Tanzania: 1,500,000 (1977 Voegelin and Voegelin). Comments: Used by some Asian residents as mother tongue. Taught in secondary school and university. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: Tokelau. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Comments: Used in schools. National language. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: Tonga. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Comments: Official language. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: Trinidad and Tobago. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Comments: National language. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: Turks and Caicos Islands. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Comments: National language. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: U.S. Virgin Islands. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Population: 8,414 mother tongue speakers in U.S. Virgin Islands (1970 census). Comments: National language. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: Uganda. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Population: Second language speakers: 1,000,000 (1977 Voegelin and Voegelin). Comments: Used in primary schools, law courts. Official language. Newspapers, radio programs. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: USA. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Population: 210,000,000 first language speakers in USA (1984 estimate). 8,400,000 USA residents with no one 14 years old or older who speaks fluent English, 38% or 7,700,000 households headed by immigrants. Dialects: BLACK ENGLISH. Comments: There are many regional dialects. Official language. Bible 1382-1989. Also spoken in: Vanuatu. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Population: 1,900 in Vanuatu (1995), 1.1% of the population. Comments: First language speakers are from the United Kingdom. Also spoken in: National language. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: Wake Island. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Population: 1,730 on Wake Island (1987). Comments: National language. 99% USA military. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: Western Samoa. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Comments: Official language. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: Zambia. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Population: 41,434 in Zambia (1969 census). Comments: Spoken as mother tongue by Europeans mainly. A small minority of Zambian Africans speak it as a mother tongue. Used as a second language. The only language of Parliament. Official language. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: Zimbabwe. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Population: 375,490 in Zimbabwe (1969 census). Comments: Spoken by most Europeans and an increasing number of Africans. Used in all or most education. Official language. Newspapers. Bible 1535-1989.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)   FlemishLanguage   french language A Romance language that is the official language of France and Belgium, and is widely spoken in Africa.   german language A Germanic language that is spoken primarily in Germany and Austria.   greek language An Indo-European language that is spoken in Greece.   Hindi language   italian language The ItalianLanguage is an ItaloDalmatianLanguage of Italy. SIL code: ITN. ISO 639-1: it. ISO 639-2: ita. Population: 55,000,000 mother tongue speakers, some of whom are native bilinguals of Italian and regional varieties, and some of whom may use Italian as second language. Population total all countries: 62,000,000. Region: Also spoken in 29 other countries including Argentina, Australia, Belgium, Bosnia_Herzegovina, Brazil, Canada, Croatia, Egypt, Eritrea, France, Germany, Israel, Libya, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Paraguay, Philippines, Puerto Rico, San Marino. Alternate names: ITALIANO. Dialects: TUSCAN, ABRUZZESE, PUGLIESE, UMBRIAN, LAZIALE, CENTRAL MARCHIGIANO, CICOLANO_REATINO_AQUILANO, MOLISANO. Comments: Regional varieties coexist with the standard language, some are inherently unintelligible (Nida) to speakers of other varieties unless they have learned them. Aquilano, Molisano, and Pugliese are very different from the other Italian 'dialects'. Piemontese and Sicilian are distinct enough to be separate languages (F.B. Agard 1981, personal communication). Venetian and Lombard are also very different (Philippe Cousson 1981, personal communication). Neapolitan is reported to be unintelligible to speakers of Standard Italian. Northern varieties are closer to French and Occitan than to standard or southern varieties (Agard, N. Vincent). 89% lexical similarity with French, 87% with Catalan, 85% with Sardinian, 82% with Spanish, 78% with Rheto_Romance, 77% with Rumanian. Most Italians use varieties along a continuum from standard to regional to local according to what is appropriate. Possibly nearly half the population do not use Standard Italian as mother tongue. Only 2.5% of Italy's population could speak standard Italian when it became a unified nation in 1861. Investigation needed: intelligibility with Pugliese with Standard Italian. National language. Grammar. SVO. Bible 1471-1985. Also spoken in: Croatia. (Language name: ITALIAN.) Population: 70,000 in Croatia whose mother tongue is Italian or Venetian, including 30,000 ethnic Italian and 40,000 ethnic Croats and Istrian people (1998 Eugen Marinov). Comments: Official language. Bible 1471-1985. Also spoken in: Eritrea. (Language name: ITALIAN.) Comments: Spoken as a second language. A few monolinguals. Bible 1471-1985. Also spoken in: France. (Language name: ITALIAN.) Population: 1,000,000 in France (1977 Voegelin and Voegelin). Comments: Few, if any, speakers of Italian dialects in France do not know French. Bible 1471-1985. Also spoken in: San Marino. (Language name: ITALIAN.) Comments: National language. Bible 1471-1985. Also spoken in: Slovenia. (Language name: ITALIAN.) Population: 4,009 in Slovenia (1991 census). Comments: Acknowledged as autochtonous communities and protected by the constitution. Official language. Bible 1471-1985. Also spoken in: Switzerland. (Language name: ITALIAN.) Population: 195,000 in Switzerland (1990). Comments: People in all in the Italian cantons speak Italian as first or second language. Used for education in Italian- and Ticino- (Lombard) speaking areas. Official language. Bible 1471-1985. Also spoken in: Holy See (Vatican State). (Language name: ITALIAN.) Comments: Bible 1471-1985.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)   japanese language The JapaneseLanguage is the JapaneseProperLanguage (JapaneseGroupLanguage) of Japan. SIL code: JPN. ISO 639-1: ja. ISO 639-2: jpn. Population: 121,050,000 in Japan (1985). Population total all countries: 125,000,000 first language speakers (1999 WA), 126,000,000 including second language speakers (1999 WA). Region: Throughout the country. Also spoken in 26 other countries including American Samoa, Argentina, Australia, Belize, Brazil, Canada, Dominican Republic, Germany, Guam, Mexico, Micronesia, Mongolia, New Zealand, Northern Mariana Islands, Palau, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines. Dialects: WESTERN JAPANESE, EASTERN JAPANESE. Comments: Possibly related to Korean. The Kagoshima dialect is 84% cognate with Tokyo dialect. National language. Grammar. SOV, postpositions, demonstrative, numeral, adjective, possessive, relative clause, proper noun precede noun head, adverb precedes verb, sentence final question particle, CV. Hiragana, Katakana, and Kanji (Chinese character) writing systems. Buddhist, Shintoist. Bible 1883-1987. Also spoken in: Taiwan. (Language name: JAPANESE.) Population: 10,000 in Taiwan (1993). Comments: Used among a few elderly aboriginal speakers and some Chinese as second language. Trade language. Bible 1883-1987.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)   Javanese language   korean language The KoreanLanguage is a language isolate spoken in SouthKorea. SIL code: KKN. ISO 639-1: ko. ISO 639-2: kor. Population: 42,000,000 in South Korea (1986). Population: total all countries 78,000,000 (1999 WA). Region: Also spoken in 31 other countries including American Samoa, Australia, Bahrain, Belize, Brazil, Brunei, Canada, China, Germany, Guam, Japan, Kazakhstan, Korea, North, Kyrgyzstan, Mauritania, Mongolia, New Zealand, Northern Mariana Islands. Alternate names: HANGUOHUA, HANGUK MAL. Dialects: SEOUL (KANGWONDO, KYONGGIDO), CH'UNGCH'ONGDO (NORTH CH'UNGCH'ONG, SOUTH CH'UNGCH'ONG), KYONGSANGDO (NORTH KYONGSANGDO, SOUTH KYONGSANGDO), CHOLLADO (NORTH CHOLLADO, SOUTH CHOLLADO), CHEJU ISLAND. Comments: There is a difference of opinion among scholars as to whether or not Korean is related to Japanese. Some scholars suggest that both languages are possibly distantly related to Altaic. Dialect boundaries generally correspond to provincial boundaries. Some dialects are not easily intelligible with others (Voegelin and Voegelin 1977). The suffix -do on dialect names means 'province'. Comprehension of Standard Korean may be lower on Cheju Island. National language. Grammar. SOV. Higher adult illiteracy is reported on Cheju Island. Korean script (Hangul) used. The McCune_Reischauer system is the official Roman orthography in South Korea used for maps and signs. Buddhist, Christian. Bible 1911-1993. Also spoken in: China. (Language name: KOREAN.) Population: 1,920,597 in China (1990 census). Comments: Considered one of the main official nationalities. 'Chaoxian' is the name used in China. High level of education. Radio programs. Agriculturalists. Buddhist, Christian. Bible 1911-1993. See main entry under Korea, South. Also spoken in: Japan. (Language name: KOREAN.) Population: 670,000 in Japan, .5% of the population (1988). Comments: Bilingualism in Japanese. Buddhist, Christian. Bible 1911-1993. Also spoken in: Korea, North. (Language name: KOREAN.) Population: 20,000,000 in North Korea (1986). Dialects: HAMGYONGDO (NORTH HAMGYONGDO, SOUTH HAMGYONGDO), P'YONG'ANDO (NORTH P'YONG'ANDO, SOUTH P'YONG' ANDO), HWANGHAEDO. Comments: Dialect boundaries generally correspond to provincial boundaries. Some dialects are not easily intelligible with others (Voegelin and Voegelin 1977). National language. SOV. Korean script (Hangul). Buddhist_Confucianist, Christian. Bible 1911-1993. Also spoken in: Thailand. (Language name: KOREAN.) Comments: Buddhist, Christian. Bible 1911-1993.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)   latin language A Language that was spoken in ancient Rome and is still the official language of the Vatican.   Malay language   Marathi language   polish language The PolishLanguage is a LechiticLanguage of Poland. SIL code: PQL. ISO 639-1: pl. ISO 639-2: pol. Population: 36,554,000 in Poland, 98% of the population (1986). Population total all countries: 44,000,000 (1999 WA). Region: Also spoken in Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Canada, Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, Germany, Hungary, Israel, Kazakhstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Romania, Russia (Europe), Slovakia, Ukraine, UAE, USA. Alternate names: POLSKI, POLNISCH. Dialects: UPPER SILESIAN. Comments: National language. SVO. Roman script. Christian, Muslim. Bible 1561-1965. Also spoken in: Czech Republic. (Language name: POLISH.) Population: 50,000 in Czech Republic. Alternate names: POLSKI. Comments: Christian. Bible 1561-1965. Also spoken in: Germany. (Language name: POLISH.) Population: 241,000 in Germany. Alternate names: POLSKI, POLNISCH. Comments: Christian. Bible 1561-1965. Also spoken in: Israel. (Language name: POLISH.) Population: 100,000 speakers out of 272,000 people of Polish origin (1992 H. Mutzafi). Alternate names: POLSKI. Comments: All speakers use Hebrew as second language but prefer Polish. Many other people of Polish origin speak Yiddish or Hebrew as first or second language. Jewish. Bible 1561-1965. Also spoken in: Romania. (Language name: POLISH.) Population: 10,000 in Romania. Alternate names: POLSKI. Comments: Christian. Bible 1561-1965. Also spoken in: Slovakia. (Language name: POLISH.) Population: 50,000 in Slovakia. Alternate names: POLSKI. Comments: Christian. Bible 1561-1965.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)   portuguese language The PortugueseLanguage is a PortugueseGalicianLanguage of Portugal. SIL code: POR. ISO 639-1: pt. ISO 639-2: por. Population: 10,000,000 in Portugal. Population total all countries: 176,000,000 first language speakers (1999 WA), 191,000,000 including second language speakers (1999 WA). Region: Iberia, Azores, Madeira. Also spoken in 33 other countries including Andorra, Angola, Antigua and Barbuda, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Cape Verde Islands, China, Congo, France, Germany, Guinea_Bissau, Guyana, India, Indonesia, Jamaica, Luxembourg, Malawi, Mozambique. Alternate names: PORTUGUES. Dialects: BEIRA, GALICIAN, MADEIRA_AZORES, ESTREMENHO, BRAZILIAN PORTUGUESE. Comments: Standard Portuguese of Portugal is based on Southern or Estremenho dialect (Lisbon and Coimbra). Official language. Dictionary. Grammar. SVO. Literacy rate in second language: 83% to 84%. Christian. Bible 1751, in press (1993). Also spoken in: Angola. (Language name: PORTUGUESE.) Population: 57,600 in Angola (1993). Comments: Official language. Bible 1751, in press (1993). Also spoken in: Brazil. (Language name: PORTUGUESE.) Population: 158,000,000 in Brazil (1997 UBS). Comments: National language. Literacy rate in first language: 71%. Christian, spiritism. Bible 1751-1996. Also spoken in: Cape Verde Islands. (Language name: PORTUGUESE.) Comments: Official language. Bible 1751, in press (1993). Also spoken in: France. (Language name: PORTUGUESE.) Population: 750,000 in France (1989 National Geographic). Comments: Literacy rate in second language: Relatively low. Bible 1751, in press (1993). Also spoken in: Guinea_Bissau. (Language name: PORTUGUESE.) Comments: Official language. Bible 1751, in press (1993). Also spoken in: Mozambique. (Language name: PORTUGUESE.) Population: 30,000 or more in Mozambique (1998 SIL), 27% speak it as second language (1980 census). Comments: Official language. Bible 1751, in press (1993). Also spoken in: Sao Tome e Principe. (Language name: PORTUGUESE.) Population: 2,580 in Sao Tome (1993). Comments: Used by many people as their primary language until their late 20s, when they become more active in Sao Tomense society, and relearn Sao Tomense, the language of social networks above age 30. Used as a second language by some people. Official language. Bible 1751, in press (1993). Also spoken in: Timor Lorosae. (Language name: PORTUGUESE.) Alternate names: PORTUGUES. Comments: Probably 2% of the population from Timor Lorosae worldwide can function in it, including about 9,000 people living overseas. Dictionary. Grammar. Christian. Bible 1751, in press (1993).(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)   romanian language The RomanianLanguage is an EasternRomanceLanguage of Romania. SIL code: RUM. ISO 639-1: mo. ISO 639-2: mol. ISO 639-1: ro. ISO 639-2(B): rum. ISO 639-2(T): ron. Population: 20,520,000 in Romania, 90% of the population (1986). Population total all countries 26,000,000 (1999 WA). Region: Moldavian is in Moldova to the northeast, and Muntenian in Muntenia, or Wallachia in the southeast, other dialects in the north and west, including much of Transylvania. Also spoken in Australia, Azerbaijan, Canada, Finland, Hungary, Israel, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Russia (Europe), Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, USA, Uzbekistan, Yugoslavia. Alternate names: RUMANIAN, MOLDAVIAN, DACO_RUMANIAN. Dialects: MOLDAVIAN, MUNTENIAN (WALACHIAN), TRANSYLVANIAN, BANAT, BAYASH. Comments: Romanian has 77% lexical similarity with Italian, 75% with French, 74% with Sardinian, 73% with Catalan, 72% with Portuguese and Rheto_Romance, 71% with Spanish. The Bayash are Gypsies who have lost their language and now speak Romanian based on the Banat dialect with Romani and Hungarian influences. National language. Grammar. SVO. Deciduous forest. Mountain slope. Peasant agriculturalists, other. Christian. Bible 1688-1989. Also spoken in: Hungary. (Language name: ROMANIAN.) Population: 100,000 in Hungary (1995 Iosif Bena). Alternate names: RUMANIAN, DACO_ROMANIAN, MOLDAVIAN. Dialects: BAYASH ROMANIAN. Comments: The Bayash are ex_slave Roma who worked in houses, and were forbidden to speak Romani. The Bayash speak a very distinctive kind of Romanian. Substantial literature in Bayash. Radio programs. Bible 1688-1989. Also spoken in: Israel. (Language name: ROMANIAN.) Population: 250,000 in Israel (1993 Statistical Abstract of Israel). Comments: Bilingualism in Hebrew. Elderly speakers use Hebrew as second language but prefer Romanian. Radio programs. Jewish. Bible 1688-1989. Also spoken in: Moldova. (Language name: ROMANIAN.) Population: 2,664,000 in Moldova (1979 census). Alternate names: MOLDAVAN, ROUMANIAN, RUMANIAN. Dialects: MOLDAVAN (MOLDOVIAN, MOLDOVEAN), MUNTENIAN (WALACHIAN, MUNTEAN), BANAT, BAYASH, CHRISHANA, MARAMURESH, OLTENIA_LESSER WALLACHIA (OLTEAN). Comments: Little dialect variation. The Bayash are Gypsies who speak a dialect based on Banat, but influenced by Romani and Hungarian. Many Gypsies in Moldova and southern Ukraine speak Moldavan as mother tongue. Called 'Moldavan' in Moldova. National language. Cyrillic script was replaced by Roman script in 1989. Christian. Bible 1688-1984. Also spoken in: Ukraine. (Language name: ROMANIAN.) Population: 250,000 or fewer in Ukraine (1999). Alternate names: RUMANIAN, MOLDAVIAN, DACO_ROMANIAN. Comments: Mountain slope. Bible 1688-1989. Also spoken in: Yugoslavia. (Language name: ROMANIAN.) Population: 200,000 to 300,000 in Yugoslavia (1995 Iosif Bena). Alternate names: RUMANIAN, MOLDAVIAN, DACO_RUMANIAN. Comments: Radio programs, TV. Bible 1688-1989.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)   russian language A Slavic language that is spoken in Russia.   spanish language A Romance language that is the official language of Spain, Mexico, and many Central and South American countries.   Tagalog language   TaiwaneseLanguage   Tamil language   Telugu language   Turkish language   UcranianLanguage   Urdu language   Vietnamese language Show full definition (without tree view) Show full definition (with tree view)

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