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Relationships
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HumanLanguage |
The subclass of Languages used by Humans.
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AfroAsiaticLanguage | An AfroAsiaticLanguage is any one of 372 languages forming a major family of languages of Africa and Asia.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | AlacalufanLanguage | An AlacalufanLanguage is either of two languages found in the Chile that form a family of languages apparently unrelated to others. One of these two is now extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | AlgicLanguage | An AlgicLanguage is any one of 40 languages forming a major family of languages.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | AltaicLanguage | An AltaicLanguage is any one of 65 languages forming a major family of languages.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | AmtoMusanLanguage | An AmtoMusanLanguage is either of two related languages of PapuaNewGuinea that form a family of languages apparently unrelated to others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | AndamaneseLanguage | An AndamaneseLanguage is any of 13 related languages of the Andaman Islands of India that form a family of languages apparently unrelated to others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | AraucanianLanguage | An AraucanianLanguage is either of two languages found in the Chile and Argentina that form a family of languages apparently unrelated to others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | ArawakanLanguage | An ArawakanLanguage is any one of 60 languages forming a major family of languages apparently unrelated to other languages.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | AruanLanguage | An AruanLanguage is any of eight related languages of Brazil that form a family of languages apparently unrelated to others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | ArutaniSapeLanguage | An ArutaniSapeLanguage is either of two languages found in Brazil and Venezuela that form a family of languages apparently unrelated to others. Both languages are now nearly extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | AustralianLanguage | An AustralianLanguage is any one of 258 languages forming a major family of languages apparently unrelated to other languages.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | AustroAsiaticLanguage | An AustroAsiaticLanguage is any one of 168 languages forming a major family of languages apparently unrelated to other languages.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | AustronesianLanguage | An AustronesianLanguage is any one of 1262 languages forming a major family of languages apparently unrelated to other languages.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | AymaranLanguage | An AymaranLanguage is any of three languages found in SouthAmerica that form a family of languages apparently unrelated to others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | BarbacoanLanguage | A BarbacoanLanguage is any of seven languages found in SouthAmerica that form a family of languages apparently unrelated to others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | BasqueGroupLanguage | A BasqueGroupLanguage is a small family of languages consisting entirely of three varieties of Basque from France and Spain and which are apparently unrelated to all other languages.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | BayonoAwbonoLanguage | A BayonoAwbonoLanguage is either of two languages found in Indonesia (Irian Jaya) that form a family of languages apparently unrelated to others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | CaddoanLanguage | A CaddoanLanguage is any of seven languages of the UnitedStates that form a family of languages apparently unrelated to others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | CahuapananLanguage | A CahuapananLanguage is either of two languages found in Peru that form a family of languages apparently unrelated to others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | CantLanguage | A CantLanguage is the single EnglishTahitianLanguage known as the PitcairnNorfolkLanguage. This language is apparently unrelated to all other languages, thus forming a language family consisting of a single member.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | CaribLanguage | A CaribLanguage is any of 29 languages that form a family of related languages apparently unrelated to others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | ChapacuraWanhamLanguage | Of the 29 CaribLanguages, five more closely related languages are classified as a ChapacuraWanhamLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | ChibchanLanguage | A ChibchanLanguage is any of 22 languages that form a family of related languages apparently unrelated to others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | ChimakuanLanguage | A ChimakuanLanguage is the single language of the UnitedStates (Washington State) known as the QuileuteLanguage. This nearly extinct language is apparently unrelated to all other languages, thus forming a language family consisting of a single member.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | ChineseLanguage | ChineseLanguage is a group of languages spoken mostly by a GroupOfPeople who live in China, Taiwan, HongKong, Singapore and expatriates from these places and their descendants. |
| | ChocoLanguage | A ChocoLanguage is any of 10 languages that form a family of related languages apparently unrelated to others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | ChonLanguage | A ChonLanguage is either of two languages found in Argentina that form a family of languages apparently unrelated to others. Both of these languages are now nearly extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | ChukotkoKamchatkanLanguage | A ChukotkoKamchatkanLanguage is any of five languages found in Russia (Asia) that form a family of languages apparently unrelated to others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | ChumashGroupLanguage | A ChumashGroupLanguage is any of seven languages found in the UnitedStates that form a family of languages apparently unrelated to others. All seven languages are now extinct meaning that this language family is also extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | CoahuiltecanLanguage | A CoahuiltecanLanguage is the single language of the UnitedStates (Oklahoma) known as the TonkawaLanguage. This now extinct language is apparently unrelated to all other languages, thus forming an extinct language family consisting of a single member.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | CreoleLanguage | A CreoleLanguage is a PidginLanguage that has developed and become the mother tongue for a community of people. This process is called 'creolization' and results in an expanded vocabulary and grammar structure that allow for communication as rich and complex as that of non_creole languages. While pidgins are regarded as reduced languages, creoles are considered expanded languages. That is, while pidgins develop to enable communication in relatively isolated domains, creoles allow for a full range of expressive possibilities on a par with more 'recognized' languages.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | DravidianLanguage | A DravidianLanguage is any one of 75 languages forming a major family of languages of southern India.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | EastBirdsHeadLanguage | An EastBirdsHeadLanguage is any of three languages found in Indonesia (Irian Jaya) that form a family of languages apparently unrelated to others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | EastPapuanLanguage | An EastPapuanLanguage is any one of 36 languages forming a distinct family of languages of PapuaNewGuinea.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | EskimoAleutLanguage | An EskimoAleutLanguage is any one of 11 languages forming a distinct family of languages of NorthAmerica.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | GeelvinkBayLanguage | A GeelvinkBayLanguage is any one of 33 languages forming a distinct family of languages.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | GuahibanLanguage | A GuahibanLanguage is any of five languages found in Colombia that form a family of languages apparently unrelated to others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | GulfLanguage | A GulfLanguage is any of four languages found in the Gulf of Mexico region of the UnitedStates that form a family of languages apparently unrelated to others. Since all four of these languages are now extinct, the entire language family is extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | HarakmbetLanguage | A HarakmbetLanguage is either of two languages found in Peru that form a family of languages apparently unrelated to others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | HokanLanguage | A HokanLanguage is any one of 28 languages forming a distinct family of languages unrelated to others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | HuaveanLanguage | A HuaveanLanguage is any of the four Huave languages found in Mexico that together form a family of languages apparently unrelated to others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | JapaneseGroupLanguage | A JapaneseGroupLanguage is any of 12 related languages, spoken in Japan, forming a distinct family of languages that are unrelated to any others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | JivaroanLanguage | A JivaroanLanguage is any of four related languages, spoken in Peru, forming a distinct family of languages that are unrelated to any others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | KatukinanLanguage | A KatukinanLanguage is any of three related languages, spoken in Brazil, forming a distinct family of languages that are unrelated to any others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | KeresLanguage | A KeresLanguage is either of two closely related languages, spoken in the UnitedStates, forming a distinct family of languages that are unrelated to any others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | KhoisanLanguage | A KhoisanLanguage is any of 29 closely related languages forming a distinct family of languages that are unrelated to any others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | KiowaTanoanLanguage | A KiowaTanoanLanguage is any of six closely related languages, spoken in PapuaNewGuinea, forming a distinct family of languages that are unrelated to any others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | LeftMayLanguage | A LeftMayLanguage is any of seven closely related languages, spoken in PapuaNewGuinea, forming a distinct family of languages that are unrelated to any others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | LowerMamberamoLanguage | A LowerMamberamoLanguage is either of two closely related languages, spoken in Indonesia (Irian Jaya), forming a distinct family of languages that are unrelated to any others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | LuleVilelaLanguage | A LuleVilelaLanguage is the single VilelaLanguage of Argentina. This language is apparently unrelated to all other languages, thus forming a language family consisting of a single member.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | MacroGeLanguage | A MacroGeLanguage is any one of 32 related languages forming a distinct family of languages that are unrelated to any others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | MakuLanguage | A MakuLanguage is any one of six related languages, spoken in SouthAmerica, forming a distinct family of languages that are unrelated to any others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | MascoianLanguage | A MascoianLanguage is any one of five related languages, spoken in Paraguay, forming a distinct family of languages that are unrelated to any others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | MatacoGuaicuruLanguage | A MatacoGuaicuruLanguage is any one of 11 related languages, spoken in SouthAmerica, forming a distinct family of languages that are unrelated to any others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | MayanLanguage | A MayanLanguage is any one of 69 related languages forming a distinct family of languages that are unrelated to any others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | MisumalpanLanguage | A MisumalpanLanguage is any one of four related languages, spoken in Nicaragua and formerly in ElSalvador, forming a distinct family of languages that are unrelated to any others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | MixedLanguage | A MixedLanguage is a SpokenHumanLanguage that combines grammar and lexical items from two or more languages to create a new language that is essentially a linguistic mixture.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | MixeZoqueLanguage | A MixeZoqueLanguage is any one of 16 related languages forming a distinct family of languages that are unrelated to any others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | MosetenanLanguage | A MosetenanLanguage is the single TsimaneLanguage of Bolivia. This language is apparently unrelated to all other languages, thus forming a language family consisting of a single member.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | MuraLanguage | A MuraLanguage is the single MuraPirahaLanguage of Brazil. This language is apparently unrelated to all other languages, thus forming a language family consisting of a single member.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | MuskogeanLanguage | A MuskogeanLanguage is any one of six related languages, spoken in the UnitedStates, forming a distinct family of languages that are unrelated to any others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | NaDeneLanguage | A NaDeneLanguage is any one of 47 related languages forming a distinct family of languages that are unrelated to any others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | NambiquaranLanguage | A NambiquaranLanguage is any one of five related languages, spoken in Brazil, forming a distinct family of languages that are unrelated to any others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | NigerCongoLanguage | A NigerCongoLanguage is any one of 1489 related languages forming a distinct family of languages that are unrelated to any others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | NiloSaharanLanguage | A NiloSaharanLanguage is any one of 199 related languages forming a distinct family of languages that are unrelated to any others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | NorthCaucasianLanguage | A NorthCaucasianLanguage is any one of 34 related languages forming a distinct family of languages that are unrelated to any others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | OtoMangueanLanguage | An OtoMangueanLanguage is any one of 172 related languages forming a distinct family of languages that are unrelated to any others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | PaezanLanguage | A PaezanLanguage is the single PaezLanguage of Colombia. This language is apparently unrelated to all other languages, thus forming a language family consisting of a single member.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | PanoanLanguage | A PanoanLanguage is any one of 30 related languages forming a distinct family of languages that are unrelated to any others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | PebaYaguanLanguage | A PebaYaguanLanguage is either of two closely related languages, spoken in Peru, forming a distinct family of languages that are unrelated to any others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | PenutianLanguage | A PenutianLanguage is any one of 33 related languages forming a distinct family of languages that are unrelated to any others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | PidginLanguage | A PidginLanguage is not the native language of anyone but is used as an auxiliary or supplemental language between two mutually unintelligible speech communities. Pidgins are reduced languages, characterized by having a limited vocabulary and a simple grammar which serve to satisfy basic communication needs. Historically these languages have primarily arisen in trade centers and plantations (with slaves from different language backgrounds), areas where large groups of people lacking a common language need to communicate. By definition, a pidgin has no native speakers, it is always a person's second (or more) language.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | QuechuanLanguage | A QuechuanLanguage is any one of 46 related languages forming a distinct family of languages that are unrelated to any others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | SalishanLanguage | A SalishanLanguage is any one of 27 related languages forming a distinct family of languages that are unrelated to any others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | SalivanLanguage | A SalivanLanguage is either of two closely related languages, spoken in Colombia and Venezuela, forming a distinct family of languages that are unrelated to any others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | SepikRamuLanguage | A SepikRamuLanguage is any one of 104 related languages forming a distinct family of languages that are unrelated to any others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | SiouanLanguage | A SiouanLanguage is any one of 17 languages, spoken in NorthAmerica, forming a distinct family of languages that are unrelated to any others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | SkoLanguage | A SkoLanguage is any one of seven languages, spoken in PapuaNewGuinea and Indonesia, forming a distinct family of languages that are unrelated to any others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | SouthCaucasianLanguage | A SouthCaucasianLanguage is any one of five languages forming a distinct family of languages that are unrelated to any others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | SubtiabaTlapanecLanguage | A SubtiabaTlapanecLanguage is any one of four languages forming a distinct family of languages that are unrelated to any others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | TacananLanguage | A TacananLanguage is any one of six languages, spoken in Bolivia, forming a distinct family of languages that are unrelated to any others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | TaiKadaiLanguage | A TaiKadaiLanguage is any one of 70 languages forming a distinct family of languages that are unrelated to any others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | TonalLanguage | Any SpokenHumanLanguage that uses pitch to differentiate otherwise identical words, e.g. Chinese. |
| | TorricelliLanguage | A TorricelliLanguage is any one of 48 languages forming a distinct family of languages that are unrelated to any others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | TotonacanLanguage | A TotonacanLanguage is any one of 11 languages forming a distinct family of languages that are unrelated to any others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | TransNewGuineaLanguage | A TransNewGuineaLanguage is any one of 552 languages forming a distinct family of languages that are unrelated to any others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | TucanoanLanguage | A TucanoanLanguage is any one of 25 languages forming a distinct family of languages that are unrelated to any others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | TupiLanguage | A TupiLanguage is any one of 70 languages forming a distinct family of languages that are unrelated to any others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | UnclassifiedSpokenLanguage | An UnclassifiedSpokenLanguage is a SpokenHumanLanguage of unknown relationship to other SpokenHumanLanguages.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | UralicLanguage | A UralicLanguage is any one of 38 languages forming a distinct family of languages that are unrelated to any others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | UruChipayaLanguage | A UruChipayaLanguage is either of two languages found in Bolivia that form a family of languages apparently unrelated to others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | UtoAztecanLanguage | An UtoAztecanLanguage is any one of 62 languages forming a distinct family of languages that are unrelated to any others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | WakashanLanguage | A WakashanLanguage is any of five languages found in Canada that form a family of languages apparently unrelated to others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | WestPapuanLanguage | A WestPapuanLanguage is any one of 26 languages forming a distinct family of languages of Indonesia.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | WitotoanLanguage | A WitotoanLanguage is any of six related languages found in Peru and Colombia that form a family of languages apparently unrelated to others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | YanomamLanguage | A YanomamLanguage is any of four languages found in Brazil and Venezuela that form a family of languages apparently unrelated to others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | YeniseiOstyakLanguage | A YeniseiOstyakLanguage is either of two languages found in Russia (Asia) that form a family of languages apparently unrelated to others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | YukaghirLanguage | A YukaghirLanguage is either of two languages found in the Russia (Asia) that form a family of languages apparently unrelated to others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | YukiGroupLanguage | A YukiGroupLanguage is either of two languages found in the UnitedStates that form a family of languages apparently unrelated to others. Both are now nearly extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | ZamucoanLanguage | A ZamucoanLanguage is either of two languages found in Paraguay that form a family of languages apparently unrelated to others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | ZaparoanLanguage | A ZaparoanLanguage is any of seven languages primarily found in Peru that form a family of languages apparently unrelated to others. Many of these languages are now extinct or nearly extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| Instances | AbinomnLanguage | The AbinomnLanguage is a language isolate spoken in Indonesia (Irian Jaya). SIL code: BSA. ISO 639-2: paa. Population: 300 (1999 Clouse and Donohue). Region: Lakes Plain area, from the mouth of the Baso River just east of Dabra at the Idenburg River to its headwaters in the Foya Mts., Jayapura Kabupaten, Mamberamo Hulu Kecamatan. Alternate names: AVINOMEN, 'BASO', FOYA, FOJA. Comments: Completely unrelated to any language in the area. Very eager for literacy. Want to make their own dictionary and write their traditional stories. They strongly dislike the name 'Baso.' SOV. Schooling is very low.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | AinuJapaneseLanguage | The AinuJapaneseLanguage is a language isolate spoken in Japan. SIL code: AIN. ISO 639-2: mis. Population: 15 active speakers (1996 Alexander Vovin). In the ethnic group: 15,000 in Japan. Population total both countries 15. Region: Kuril Islands (Tsishima), Hokkaido. Formerly also on south Sakhalin Island, Russia. Alternate names: AINU ITAK. Dialects: TSISHIMA, SAKHALIN. Comments: The last speaker of Sakhalin dialect died in 1994. There were at least 19 dialects. Bilingualism in Japanese. Most of the people speak only Japanese and are integrated into Japanese culture. The Ainu in China is a different, unrelated language. SOV. Nearly extinct. NT 1897. Also spoken in: Russia (Asia). (Language name: AINU.) Dialects: SAKHALIN (SAGHILIN), TARAIKA, HOKKAIDO (EZO, YEZO), KURIL (SHIKOTAN). Comments: Ainu has not been determined to be related linguistically to any other language. Sources list up to 19 dialects. The last speaker of Sakhalin dialect died in 1994. Except for 15 speakers (1996), the Ainu in Japan speak Japanese. The Ainu spoken in China is a different, unrelated language. Nearly extinct. NT 1897.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | AndoqueLanguage | The AndoqueLanguage is a language isolate spoken in Colombia. SIL code: ANO. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: 518 to 600 speakers in Colombia, all of whom are reported to understand it, but few speak it (1998 Arango and Sanchez). Extinct in Peru (1992 SIL). There were 10,000 in 1908 (Landaburu 1979). Region: Aduche River (tributary of Caqueta) 15 km. down river from Araracuara, Amazonas. Alternate names: ANDOKE. Comments: Mason (1950:246 with disclaimer), Tax (1960:433), and Kaufman (1990:43 tentatively) say this is Witotoan. Tovar (1961:150), Witte (1981:1), and Aschmann (1993:2) say it is an isolate. 80% speak fair Spanish, 10% are monolingual. People are somewhat acculturated. Tropical forest. Rubber gatherers.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | BurmesoLanguage | The BurmesoLanguage is a language isolate spoken in Indonesia (Irian Jaya). SIL code: BZU. ISO 639-2: paa. Population: 250 (1998 Donohue). Region: Burmeso village and isolated temporary houses along nearby rivers, mid Mamberamo River between Trimuris and Sikari northeast of Danau Bira (Lake Holmes). Jayapura Kabupaten, Mamberamo Tengah Kecamatan. Alternate names: TAURAP, BOROMESO, BORUMESSO, BURUMESO, MONAU, MONAO, MANAU. Comments: Less than 5% lexical similarity with any other languages. Many proficient in Indonesian, more than surrounding groups. Many understand nearby languages. All domains. All ages. Vigorous. Interest in language strong. Not spoken by outsiders. Pride in ethnic identity. Dictionary. Fishermen, hunters, sago horticulturalists, animal husbandry: chickens, ducks. 200 meters. Christian.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | BurushaskiLanguage | The BurushaskiLanguage is a language isolate spoken in Pakistan. SIL code: BSK. ISO 639-2: mis. Population: 55,000 to 60,000 (1981). Population total both countries: 55,000 to 60,000. Region: Hunza_Nagar area and Yasin area in Gilgit District, Northern Areas. Scattered speakers also in Gilgit, Kashmir, and various cities. Also spoken in India. Alternate names: BRUSHASKI, BURUSHAKI, BURUCAKI, BURUSHKI, BURUCASKI, BILTUM, KHAJUNA, KUNJUT. Dialects: NAGAR (NAGIR), HUNZA, YASIN (WERCHIKWAR). Comments: Werchikwar is geographically separated from other dialects. Nagar and Hunza dialects have 91% to 94% lexical similarity. Werchikwar has 67% to 72% lexical similarity with Hunza, 66% to 71% with Nagar, and may be a separate language. Werchikwar speakers are somewhat bilingual in Khowar. Knowledge of Urdu is limited among women and some others. People are called Burusho. SOV. Literacy rate in second language: 20%. Ismaili Muslim, Shi'a Muslim (Nagar).(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | BusaLanguage | The BusaLanguage is a language isolate spoken in PapuaNewGuinea. SIL code: BHF. ISO 639-2: paa. Population: 307 (1994 SIL). Region: Sandaun Province, Amanab District, north of Upper Sepik River, west of Namia. 3 villages. Yare is north and east, Abau is south and west, Biaka is northwest. Comments: No schools. Some intermarriage with the Yale. Lowland swamps. Hunter_gatherers. 300 feet.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | CamsaLanguage | The CamsaLanguage is a language isolate spoken in Colombia. SIL code: KBH. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: 4,022 (1998 Arango and Sanchez). Region: Sibundoy Valley, Putumayo region. Alternate names: KAMSA, COCHE, SIBUNDOY, KAMEMTXA, KAMSE, CAMENTSEA. Comments: Ruhlen and others classify it as Equatorial. Literacy rate in first language: 40%. Literacy rate in second language: 85%. Mountain slope. NT 1990.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | CayubabaLanguage | The CayubabaLanguage is a language isolate spoken in Bolivia. SIL code: CAT. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: There may be 900 in the ethnic group (1991 W. H. Adelaar). Region: Beni Department, west of Mamore River, north of Santa Ana. Alternate names: CAYUWABA, CAYUVAVA. Comments: Ruhlen and others classify it as Equatorial. Bilingualism in Spanish. The ethnic group speaks Spanish. Extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | EnglishLanguage | A Germanic language that incorporates many roots from the Romance languages. It is the official language of the UnitedStates, the UnitedKingdom, and many other countries. |
| | FaroeseLanguage | ISO_639_1: fo. The FaroeseLanguage is a West Scandinavian language spoken by inhabitants of the FaroeIslands, and by Faroese communities in Denmark. |
| | FrenchLanguage | A Romance language that is the official language of France and Belgium, and is widely spoken in Africa. |
| | GermanLanguage | A Germanic language that is spoken primarily in Germany and Austria. |
| | GilyakLanguage | The GilyakLanguage is a language isolate spoken in Russia (Asia). SIL code: NIV. ISO 639-2: mis. Population: 400 or slightly more mother tongue speakers (1991) out of an ethnic population of 4,400 (1996 G.A.Otaina). 100 Amur speakers out of 2,000 population, 300 Sakhalin speakers out of 2,700 population (1995 M. Krauss). Region: Sakhalin Island, many in Nekrasovka and Nogliki villages, small numbers in Rybnoe, Moskalvo, Chir_Unvd, Viakhtu, and other villages, and along the Amur River in Aleevka village. Alternate names: NIVKH, NIVKHI. Dialects: AMUR, EAST SAKHALIN GILYAK, NORTH SAKHALIN GILYAK. Comments: The Amur and East Sakhalin dialects have difficult inherent intelligibility with each other. North Sakhalin is between them linguistically. All members of the ethnic group are reported to be bilingual or monolingual in Russian. Most speakers are older than 50 years. The language has been written. Forced resettlement has weakened language use. Some are scattered and without regular contact with other speakers. Endangered. Taught through second grade in settlements at Nogliki and Nekrasovka. Not taught at Amur. Fishermen, agriculturalists (recently).(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | GreekLanguage | An Indo-European language that is spoken in Greece. |
| | ItonamaLanguage | The ItonamaLanguage is a language isolate spoken in Bolivia. SIL code: ITO. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: (110 in ethnic group in 1969). Region: Beni Department and Itonamas River. Alternate names: MACHOTO, SARAMO. Comments: Bilingualism in Spanish. Only a few speakers 25 years ago. Ruhlen classifies it as Paezan. Dictionary. Nearly extinct. Bible portions 1967.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | KarkarYuriLanguage | The KarkarYuriLanguage is a language isolatespoken in PapuaNewGuinea. SIL code: YUJ. ISO 639-2: paa. Population: 1,142 (1994 SIL). Region: Sandaun Province, Amanab District, along the Irian Jaya border. Alternate names: YURI, KARKAR. Dialects: NORTH CENTRAL YURI, AUIA_TARAUWI, USARI. Comments: No known relationships. SOV. Literacy rate in first language: 25% to 50%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Tropical forest. Mountain slope. Swidden agriculturalists. 100 to 700 meters. NT 1994.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | KibiriLanguage | The KibiriLanguage is a language isolate spoken in PapuaNewGuinea. SIL code: PRM. ISO 639-2: paa. Population: 1,100 (1977 SIL). Region: Gulf Province, Kikori District, near Aird Hills, on several tributaries of Kikori River,villages of Tipeowo, Doibo, Paile, Babaguina, Ero, and Wowa. Alternate names: POROME, POLOME. Dialects: AIRD HILLS (KIBIRI), POROME. Comments: Unrelated to other languages in Gulf Province. Different from Kairi, which is also called Kibiri. Literacy rate in first language: 15% to 25%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | KoreanLanguage | The KoreanLanguage is a language isolate spoken in SouthKorea. SIL code: KKN. ISO 639-1: ko. ISO 639-2: kor. Population: 42,000,000 in South Korea (1986). Population: total all countries 78,000,000 (1999 WA). Region: Also spoken in 31 other countries including American Samoa, Australia, Bahrain, Belize, Brazil, Brunei, Canada, China, Germany, Guam, Japan, Kazakhstan, Korea, North, Kyrgyzstan, Mauritania, Mongolia, New Zealand, Northern Mariana Islands. Alternate names: HANGUOHUA, HANGUK MAL. Dialects: SEOUL (KANGWONDO, KYONGGIDO), CH'UNGCH'ONGDO (NORTH CH'UNGCH'ONG, SOUTH CH'UNGCH'ONG), KYONGSANGDO (NORTH KYONGSANGDO, SOUTH KYONGSANGDO), CHOLLADO (NORTH CHOLLADO, SOUTH CHOLLADO), CHEJU ISLAND. Comments: There is a difference of opinion among scholars as to whether or not Korean is related to Japanese. Some scholars suggest that both languages are possibly distantly related to Altaic. Dialect boundaries generally correspond to provincial boundaries. Some dialects are not easily intelligible with others (Voegelin and Voegelin 1977). The suffix -do on dialect names means 'province'. Comprehension of Standard Korean may be lower on Cheju Island. National language. Grammar. SOV. Higher adult illiteracy is reported on Cheju Island. Korean script (Hangul) used. The McCune_Reischauer system is the official Roman orthography in South Korea used for maps and signs. Buddhist, Christian. Bible 1911-1993. Also spoken in: China. (Language name: KOREAN.) Population: 1,920,597 in China (1990 census). Comments: Considered one of the main official nationalities. 'Chaoxian' is the name used in China. High level of education. Radio programs. Agriculturalists. Buddhist, Christian. Bible 1911-1993. See main entry under Korea, South. Also spoken in: Japan. (Language name: KOREAN.) Population: 670,000 in Japan, .5% of the population (1988). Comments: Bilingualism in Japanese. Buddhist, Christian. Bible 1911-1993. Also spoken in: Korea, North. (Language name: KOREAN.) Population: 20,000,000 in North Korea (1986). Dialects: HAMGYONGDO (NORTH HAMGYONGDO, SOUTH HAMGYONGDO), P'YONG'ANDO (NORTH P'YONG'ANDO, SOUTH P'YONG' ANDO), HWANGHAEDO. Comments: Dialect boundaries generally correspond to provincial boundaries. Some dialects are not easily intelligible with others (Voegelin and Voegelin 1977). National language. SOV. Korean script (Hangul). Buddhist_Confucianist, Christian. Bible 1911-1993. Also spoken in: Thailand. (Language name: KOREAN.) Comments: Buddhist, Christian. Bible 1911-1993.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | KutenaiLanguage | The KutenaiLanguage is a language isolate spoken in Canada. SIL code: KUN. ISO 639-2: kut. Population: 120 mother tongue speakers in Canada (1998 Statistics Canada). Population: total both countries 222. Region: Southeastern British Columbia. Alternate names: KTUNAXA, KOOTENAI, KOOTENAY. Comments: Bilingualism in English. All speakers are middle_aged or elderly. Columbia Lake Reserve EKCC is offering Kutenai as a second language course (1991). Dictionary. Grammar. Also spoken in: USA. (Language name: KUTENAI.) Population: 102 speakers in USA (1990 census). Alternate names: KTUNAXA, KOOTENAI. Comments: Bilingualism in English. All speakers are elderly. Columbia Lake Reserve in Canada is offering a Kutenai as a second language course (1991). See main entry under Canada.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | LatinLanguage | A Language that was spoken in ancient Rome and is still the official language of the Vatican. |
| | NihaliLanguage | The NihaliLanguage is a language isolate spoken in India. SIL code: NHL. ISO 639-2: mis. Population: 5,000 (1987). Region: Madhya Pradesh, Khandwa District, mainly around Temi (Tembi) village in Nimar District, Maharashtra, Buldana, Akola, Amravati, Jalgaon districts, 12 hamlets around Toranmal. Alternate names: NIHAL, NAHALI, NAHAL, KALTO, NAHALE. Comments: Nahale north of Amalwadi in Jalgaon District speak a language similar to Ahirani (Indo_European). Nihali and Nahali may be different languages. Nihal in Chikaldara taluk and Akola District have 25% lexical similarity with Korku (Munda). Nahal near Toranmal have 51% to 73% lexical similarity with several Bhil languages (Indo_European). They live in or near Korku villages, and identify closely with the Korku. Investigation needed: intelligibility with nearby Bhili languages, bilingual proficiency in Korku (Munda), Hindi, Marathi. Tropical forest. Mountain slope.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | PankararuLanguage | The PankararuLanguage is a language isolate spoken in Brazil. SIL code: PAZ. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: Ethnic group: 3,676 (1995 AMTB). Region: Pernambuco, Alagoas. Alternate names: PANKARARA, PANKARU, PANCARU, PANCARE, PANKARAVU, PANKARORU. Comments: Possibly related to Kiriri. Highly acculturated. Monolingual in Portuguese. Extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | PuelcheLanguage | The PuelcheLanguage is a language isolate spoken in Argentina. SIL code: PUE. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: 5 or 6 speakers. Extinct in Chile. Region: Pampas. Alternate names: GENNAKEN, PAMPA, NORTHERN TEHUELCHE. Comments: Distinct from Pehuenche dialect of Mapudungun. Nearly extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | PuinaveLanguage | The PuinaveLanguage is a language isolate spoken in Colombia. SIL code: PUI. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: 2,000 in Colombia (1977 NTM). Population: total both countries 2,240. Region: Inirida River and tributaries, Territory of Guainia. Also spoken in Venezuela. Alternate names: PUINABE. Comments: Ruhlen and others classify it as related to Macu. Plains. NT 1964. Also spoken in: Venezuela. (Language name: PUINAVE.) Population: 240 in Venezuela (1975 Gaceta Indigenista). Alternate names: PUINARE. Comments: Ruhlen and others classify it as related to Macu. NT 1964.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | PurepechaLanguage | The PurepechaLanguage is a language isolate spoken in Mexico. SIL code: TSZ. ISO 639-2: nai. Population: 120,000 (1990 census). Region: Michoacan. Alternate names: TARASCO, TARASCAN, PHORHEPECHA, PORHE. Comments: Several varieties do not have functional intelligibility with each other. Dictionary. Grammar. NT 1969.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | RussianLanguage | A Slavic language that is spoken in Russia. |
| | SierraOccidentalLanguage | The SierraOccidentalLanguage is a language isolate spoken in Mexico. SIL code: PUA. ISO 639-2: nai. Population: No estimate available. Region: Michoacan, western mountains, Zamora on the northern edge, Los Reyes de Salgado on the southwestern corner, Paracho on the eastern edge, including Pamatacuaro. Alternate names: WESTERN HIGHLAND PUREPECHA, TARASCO, TARASCAN. Comments: All Purepecha varieties do not have functional intelligibility with some other Purepecha: the western mountain variety has 60% intelligibility with Patzcuaro.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | SpanishLanguage | A Romance language that is the official language of Spain, Mexico, and many Central and South American countries. |
| | TicunaLanguage | The TicunaLanguage is a language isolate spoken in Peru. SIL code: TCA. ISO 639-2: mis. Population: 8,000 in Peru (1998 SIL). Population total all countries: 24,000. Region: Northeastern Amazon River region, from Chimbote in Peru to San Antonio do Ica in Brazil. Also spoken in Brazil, Colombia. Alternate names: TIKUNA, TUKUNA. Comments: SVO. Literacy rate in first language: 30% to 60%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Christian, traditional religion. NT 1986. Also spoken in: Brazil. (Language name: TICUNA.) Population: 12,000 in Brazil. Alternate names: TIKUNA, TUKUNA, MAGUTA. Comments: NT 1986. Also spoken in: Colombia. (Language name: TICUNA.) Population: 4,000 in Colombia. Alternate names: TIKUNA, TUKUNA, TUCUNA. Comments: NT 1986.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | TolLanguage | The TolLanguage is a language isolate spoken in Honduras. SIL code: JIC. ISO 639-2: cai. Population: 350 speakers (1997) out of an ethnic group of 593 (1990 Educacion Comunitaria para la Salud_Honduras). Also 19,000 ethnic Tolpan in the Department of Yoro, including some speakers. Region: Montana de la Flor, northern Francisco Morazan Department, north central Honduras. Alternate names: TOLPAN, JICAQUE, XICAQUE. Comments: No distinct dialects. It may be distantly related to Subtiaba of Nicaragua (extinct linguistically), Tlapaneco of Mexico, or the Hokan languages. Varying degrees of bilingualism in Spanish, adult male leaders are more fluent, women and children are more limited. Ethnic Tolpan who do not speak Tol speak Spanish. All ages. SOV. Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 10%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. Christian, traditional religion. NT 1993.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | TrumaiLanguage | The TrumaiLanguage is a language isolate spoken in Brazil. SIL code: TPY. ISO 639-2: mis. Population: 78 (1995 AMTB). Region: Xingu Park, source of Xingu River, villages along banks, Mato Grosso. Comments: Ruhlen and others classify it as Equatorial. They are intermarrying with speakers of other languages. They trade extensively with other groups. Agriculturalists: manioc, peppers, beans.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | TuxaLanguage | The TuxaLanguage is a language isolate spoken in Brazil. SIL code: TUD. ISO 639-2: mis. Population: Ethnic group: 900 (1995 AMTB). Region: Bahia, Pernambuco. Alternate names: TUSHA, TODELA. Comments: Ruhlen and others classify it as Equatorial. People are monolingual in Portuguese. Extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | WaraoLanguage | The WaraoLanguage is a language isolate spoken in Venezuela. SIL code: WBA. ISO 639-2: mis. Population: 18,000 in Venezuela (1993 UBS). Population: total all countries 18,000. Region: On the delta of the Orinoco River, Delta Amacuro, Sucre, Monagas. Also spoken in Guyana, Suriname. Alternate names: GUARAUNO, GUARAO, WARRAU. Comments: All ages. NT 1974. Also spoken in: Guyana. (Language name: WARAO.) Population: A few speakers in Guyana out of 4,700 in the ethnic group (1990 J. Forte). Alternate names: WARAU, WARRAU, GUARAO, GUARAUNO. Comments: Bilingualism in Guyanese. In Guyana only the older people speak the language. NT 1974. Also spoken in: Suriname. (Language name: WARAO.) Population: A very small number of individuals in Suriname. Alternate names: WARRAU, GUARAO, GUARAUNO. Comments: Bilingualism in Guyanese. All speakers in Suriname are elderly. NT 1974.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | YaleLanguage | The YaleLanguage is a language isolate spoken in PapuaNewGuinea. SIL code: NCE. ISO 639-2: paa. Population: 600 (1991 SIL). Region: Sandaun Province, Amanab District, west of Namia. Kwomtari is north, Abau is south, Busa is southwest, Biaka is west, Anggor and Amanab are northwest. 6 villages. Alternate names: NAGATMAN, NAGATIMAN, YARE, YADE. Comments: 2 very similar dialects. Most men up to 35 years old have routine proficiency in Tok Pisin. There is some intermarriage with the Busa. 'Nagatman' is a corrupted name of 1 village, not a language name. SOV. Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 15%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. Tropical forest. Sago swamps. Hunter_gatherers, some cultivation: sugar cane, tobacco, sweet potatoes, taro. 300 feet.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | YamanaLanguage | The YamanaLanguage is a language isolate spoken in Chile. SIL code: YAG. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: 3 women speakers (Anne Chapmen), who are married to Spanish men and raised their children as Spanish speakers (1990 A. Salas and A. Valencia). Region: Patagonia, Isla Navarino, Puerto Williams, Ukika hamlet. Extinct in Argentina. Alternate names: YAGHAN, YAGAN, TEQUENICA, HAUSI KUTA. Comments: Tovar (1961) says it was closest to Qawasqar, and had some relationship to Ona. Earlier there were up to five dialects. Bilingualism in Spanish. Speakers from 56 to 70 years old (1990). One report says that there are still speakers near the Beagle Canal Naval Base in Chile. Their name for their language is 'Hausi Kuta.' Dictionary. Nearly extinct. Bible portions 1881-1886.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | YuchiLanguage | The YuchiLanguage is a language isolate spoken in the UnitedStates. SIL code: YUC. ISO 639-2: nai. Population: 12 to 19 fluent speakers (1997), out of 1,500 population (1977 SIL). Region: Among Creek people in east central Oklahoma. Alternate names: UCHEAN. Comments: Bilingualism in English. All speakers are middle_aged or older. Dictionary. Nearly extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | YuracareLanguage | The YuracareLanguage is a language isolate spoken in Bolivia. SIL code: YUE. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: 500 to 2,500 speakers (1991 Adelaar) including 3,000 in the ethnic group (1996 NTM). Region: Beni and Cochabamba departments, scattered primarily along the Chapare River. Alternate names: YURA. Dialects: MANSINYO, SOLOTO. Comments: Bible portions 1956-1965.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | ZuniLanguage | The ZuniLanguage is a language isolate spoken in the UnitedStates. SIL code: ZUN. ISO 639-2: zun. Population: 6,413 speakers (1980 census). Region: New Mexico, south of Gallup. Alternate names: ZUNI. Comments: Includes 31 monolinguals (1980). Speakers were 85.5% of the population below 18 years of age, 6.2% above 18 (1980). Children are being raised speaking the language (1998). Vigorous. Literacy rate in first language: Below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 75% to 100%. Bible portions 1941-1970.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |