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Relationships
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| Instances | Agent | Something or someone that can act on its own and produce changes in the world. |
| | Continent | As defined in the CIA World Fact Book, Continent covers seven land masses: Africa, NorthAmerica, SouthAmerica, Antarctica, Europe, Asia, and Oceania. Note that Australia, counted as a continent in some other systems, is included in Oceania in the Fact Book. As a consequence, there is no Nation which is also a Continent. |
| | Entity | The universal class of individuals. This is the root node of the ontology. |
| | GeographicArea | A geographic location, generally having definite boundaries. Note that this differs from its immediate superclass Region in that a GeographicArea is a three-dimensional Region of the earth. Accordingly, all astronomical objects other than earth and all one-dimensional and two-dimensional Regions are not classed under GeographicArea. |
| | GeopoliticalArea | Any GeographicArea which is associated with some sort of political structure. This class includes LandArea, Cities, districts of cities, counties, etc. Note that the identity of a GeopoliticalArea may remain constant after a change in borders. |
| | Hemisphere | Hemisphere is the class of GeographicAreas that are halves of the Earth, as traditionally divided into the Northern and Southern Hemispheres along the equator and into the Eastern and Western Hemispheres along a north-south line running 20�W and 160�E. |
| | LandArea | An area which is predominantly solid ground, e.g. a Nation, a mountain, a desert, etc. Note that a LandArea may contain some relatively small WaterAreas. For example, Australia is a LandArea even though it contains various rivers and lakes. |
| | Nation | The broadest GeopoliticalArea, i.e. Nations are GeopoliticalAreas that are not part of any other overarching and comprehensive governance structure (excepting commonwealths and other sorts of loose international organizations). |
| | Object | Corresponds roughly to the class of ordinary objects. Examples include normal physical objects, geographical regions, and locations of Processes, the complement of Objects in the Physical class. In a 4D ontology, an Object is something whose spatiotemporal extent is thought of as dividing into spatial parts roughly parallel to the time-axis. |
| | Physical | An entity that has a location in space-time. Note that locations are themselves understood to have a location in space-time. |
| | Region | A topographic location. Regions encompass surfaces of Objects, imaginary places, and GeographicAreas. Note that a Region is the only kind of Object which can be located at itself. Note too that Region is not a subclass of SelfConnectedObject, because some Regions, e.g. archipelagos, have parts which are not connected with one another. |
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