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creole language |
A CreoleLanguage is a PidginLanguage that has developed and become the mother tongue for a community of people. This process is called 'creolization' and results in an expanded vocabulary and grammar structure that allow for communication as rich and complex as that of non_creole languages. While pidgins are regarded as reduced languages, creoles are considered expanded languages. That is, while pidgins develop to enable communication in relatively isolated domains, creoles allow for a full range of expressive possibilities on a par with more 'recognized' languages.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/)
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| Instances | amapa creole language | The AmapaCreoleLanguage is a FrenchBasedCreoleLanguage of Brazil. SIL code: AMD. ISO 639-2: cpf. Population: 25,000 (1995 SIL). Region: Throughout State of Amapa, concentrated around the capital, Macapa. Alternate names: LANC_PATUA. Comments: Has English and French influences. Some Indian groups in Amapa speak other creoles, like the Karipuna.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | french guianese creole french language | The FrenchGuianeseCreoleFrenchLanguage is a FrenchBasedCreoleLanguage of FrenchGuiana. SIL code: FRE. ISO 639-2: cpf. Population: 50,000 (1977 SIL). Alternate names: GUYANAIS, GUYANE, GUYANE CREOLE, PATOIS, PATWA. Comments: Intelligibility of St. Lucia Creole is 78%, of Karipuna Creole of Brazil 77%. Most speakers are bilingual in French to some degree. Over one_third of the population in the capital speaks Creole as mother tongue. It is the most important rural language. Educated people can all speak it, but try to avoid it. Low status. Not taught in schools. A counter_movement is beginning. Some decreolization is taking place. Trade language. Dictionary. Grammar.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | haitian creole french language | The HaitianCreoleFrenchLanguage is a FrenchBasedCreoleLanguage of Haiti. SIL code: HAT. ISO 639-2: cpf. Population: 7,410,000 in Haiti (1998). Population: total all countries 7,800,000. Region: Throughout the country. Also spoken in Bahamas, Canada, Cayman Islands, Dominican Republic, French Guiana, Puerto Rico, USA. Dialects: FABLAS, PLATEAU HAITIAN CREOLE. Comments: Linguistic influences from Wolof (Benjamin 1956), Fon,and Ewe (C. Lefebvre) of West Africa. Bilingualism in French. Mother tongue of the entire population, the only language of 95% of the population (Nida 1972). Strong, with strong basilect. In 1961 it was granted legal and educational status in Haiti. A growing literature, including poetry. Lower social status than Standard French. National language. Dictionary. Grammar. SVO, prepositions, articles after noun heads. Faublas_Pressoir orthography is standard since 1979. Newspapers, radio programs, TV. Bible 1985. Also spoken in: The Dominican Republic. (Language name: HAITIAN CREOLE FRENCH.) Population: 159,000 or 2% of the population in Dominican Republic (1987). Comments: Bible 1985.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | karipuna creole french language | The KaripunaCreoleFrenchLanguage is a FrenchBasedCreoleLanguage of Brazil. SIL code: KMV. ISO 639-2: cpf. Population: 672 (1995 SIL). Region: Amapa, on French Guiana border. Alternate names: CRIOULO. Comments: There are conflicting reports about how different it is from French Guianese. It is different from Haitian Creole. Limited bilingualism. Speakers formerly spoke Karipuna, an unclassified language, possibly formerly from Marajo Island at the mouth of the Amazon. Investigation needed: intelligibility with French Guianese, Amapa Creole. Grammar. SVO. Tropical forest. Islands, swamp. Fishermen, swidden agriculturalists: manioc. Traditional religion, Christian.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | lesser antillean creole french language | The LesserAntilleanCreoleFrenchLanguage is a FrenchBasedCreoleLanguage of StLucia. SIL code: DOM. ISO 639-2: cpf. Population: 123,000 in St. Lucia (1995), 75% of the population (1997 M. Parkvall). Population: total all countries 985,450. Region: Also spoken in Dominica, France, Grenada, Guadeloupe, Guyana, Martinique, Trinidad and Tobago. Dialects: ST. LUCIA CREOLE FRENCH (PATWA, PATOIS, KWEYOL). Comments: Guadeloupe dialect is similar to Haiti, close to Martinique, St. Lucia is close to Dominica (97% to 99% intelligibility). Goodman (1964) says all French creoles of the Caribbean are somewhat inherently intelligible to each other's speakers. Other sources also include those of the Indian Ocean and probably Southeast Asia and Oceania (Voegelin and Voegelin 1977). Standard French is understood by no more than 10% of the population in St. Lucia. Standard French is used in some church services. English is also used. Politicians give speeches in Creole. In the islands under French influence nearly all the population speaks creole as mother tongue, although there is a local variety of Standard French. In those under English influence, the creole has less standing, and its speakers are normally illiterate in the creole. Dictionary. Grammar. Literacy rate in second language: 36%. Has an orthography. Newspapers, radio programs. Christian. NT 1999. Also spoken in: Dominica. (Language name: LESSER ANTILLEAN CREOLE FRENCH.) Population: 42,600 in Dominica (1998), 60% of the population (M. Parkvall). Dialects: DOMINICA CREOLE FRENCH (PATWA, PATOIS, KWEYOL). Comments: The dialect of Dominica is virtually the same as St. Lucia. Most people are bilingual in English or English dominant, especially younger people. Standard French understood by no more than 10% of the population (M. Adler 1977). Loan words from Island Carib and Arawak. Dictionary. Christian. NT 1999. Also spoken in: Grenada. (Language name: LESSER ANTILLEAN CREOLE FRENCH.) Dialects: GRENADA CREOLE FRENCH (PATWA, PATOIS). Comments: Mainly older people on Grenada Island. The same as, or similar to, that spoken in St. Lucia (M. Alleyne). NT 1999. Also spoken in: Guadeloupe. (Language name: LESSER ANTILLEAN CREOLE FRENCH.) Population: 335,000 in Guadeloupe (1975). Dialects: GUADELOUPE CREOLE FRENCH (PATWA, PATOIS, KREYOL), ST. MARTIN CREOLE FRENCH, MARIE GALANTE CREOLE FRENCH, ST. BARTH CREOLE FRENCH. Comments: Very close to Martinique Creole. St. Barth Creole is distinct in grammatical, phonological, and lexical feaatures, and may not be a dialect (J. Maher 1989). Investigation needed: intelligibility with St. Barth Creole, St. Martin Creole, Marie Galante Creole. Dictionary. Grammar. NT 1999. Also spoken in: Martinique. (Language name: LESSER ANTILLEAN CREOLE FRENCH.) Population: 325,000 in Martinique (1975). Dialects: MARTINIQUE CREOLE FRENCH (PATWA, PATOIS). Comments: Dialect of Guadeloupe is close to Martinique. Comprehension of St. Lucia Creole is 89%. NT 1999. Also spoken in: Trinidad and Tobago. (Language name: LESSER ANTILLEAN CREOLE FRENCH.) Dialects: TRINIDADIAN CREOLE FRENCH (PATOIS, TRINIDADIEN). Comments: Speakers have contact with French creoles from St. Lucia and elsewhere, which contributes to language maintenance. M. Alleyne and J. Holm say it is close to Lesser Antillean Creole French. Not intelligible with Standard French. In settlements around Dragon Mouths children under ten speak the language, elsewhere speakers are middle_aged and older (I. Hancock 1984). Fishermen. NT 1999.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | louisiana creole french language | The LouisianaCreoleFrenchLanguage is a FrenchBasedCreoleLanguage of the UnitedStates. SIL code: LOU. ISO 639-2: cpf. Population: 60,000 to 80,000 (1985 Neumann) out of an ethnic group of 1,500,000 (1977 M. Adler). Region: Predominantly in St. Martin parish (St. Martinville, Breaux Bridge, Cecilia), New Roads and Edgard, Louisiana, parts of east Texas, small community in Sacramento, California. Comments: Different from Standard French, the Cajun French also spoken in Louisiana, Haitian Creole French, and others of the Caribbean. Reports indicate that monolingual speakers may not be able to understand those other creoles. 'Over 2/3 of the original slaves came from Senegambia, hardly any slaves arrived during the second decade of exploitation, and within just over two decades, 2/3 of the population was native_born. No slaves (and few if any of the slaveowners) appear to have come from the French Antilles ... What we now need is a careful comparison between Louisiana Creole and other French Caribbean creoles, detailing the similarities and differences' (D. Bickerton, Carrier Pidgin 1995.23.2:2). People are reported to have a high degree of bilingualism in English. 4.6% in the older group are monolingual in Creole. Some in the younger group are monolingual in English. Those over 60 prefer Creole, and those under 30 prefer English. Investigation needed: intelligibility with French Caribbean Creoles, bilingual proficiency in English. Dictionary. Grammar.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | morisyen language | The MorisyenLanguage is a FrenchBasedCreoleLanguage of Mauritius. SIL code: MFE. ISO 639-2: cpf. Population: 600,000 first language speakers in Mauritius (1989). Population: total both countries 604,000. Region: Also spoken in Madagascar. Alternate names: MAURITIUS CREOLE FRENCH, KREOLE, KREOL, MAURITIAN, MAURYSEN. Dialects: RODRIGUES CREOLE. Comments: Closer to French creoles of the Caribbean than to Reunion Creole (Philip Baker). Nearly identical to Rodrigues. Bilingualism in French. The mother tongue of virtually the entire population (D. Bickerton). Lower prestige than French or English. Trade language. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions 1885-1900.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | reunion creole french language | The ReunionCreoleFrenchLanguage is a FrenchBasedCreoleLanguage of Reunion. SIL code: RCF. ISO 639-2: cpf. Population: 554,500 in Reunion (1987 estimate), or 91% of the population (1982 Barrett). Population total all countries: 595,000. Region: Also spoken in Comoros Islands, Madagascar. Comments: Two dialects - urban and popular, the former is closer to French, the latter more similar to Bantu and West African languages. Education is in French. 25% of the speakers are white, poor, living in the mountainous interior, and speak archaic highland varieties. 25% are Indian, live in the coastal lowlands, and speak the basilect or deep creole. 45% are African and mixed, live in the coastal lowlands, and speak the basilect. The creole is gaining status on Reunion. Dictionary. Sugar, perfume production.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | san miguel creole french language | The SanMiguelCreoleFrenchLanguage is a FrenchBasedCreoleLanguage of Panama. SIL code: SME. ISO 639-2: cpf. Population: 3 or more speakers (1999 SIL). Comments: Ancestors came from St. Lucia in mid-19th century as laborers. The Creole had Spanish influences. Nearly extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | seselwa creole french language | The SeselwaCreoleFrenchLanguage is a FrenchBasedCreoleLanguage of the Seychelles. SIL code: CRS. ISO 639-2: cpf. Population: 69,000 (1995), 95.7% of the population (1982 Barrett). Alternate names: SEYCHELLOIS CREOLE, SEYCHELLES CREOLE FRENCH, KREOL, CREOLE. Comments: Seychelles dialect is reported to be the same as Chagos. Structural differences with Mauritius are relatively minor. Not adequately intelligible with Reunion Creole. It is heard everywhere on the streets, in the shops and homes. The native language of virtually all its citizens (D. Bickerton 1988). It is gaining rapidly in status. Dictionary. Grammar. The first 4 years of education are in Seselwa. Used for some subjects for 5 more years. Radio programs. Fishermen. Christian. NT in press (1998).(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | tayo language | The TayoLanguage is a FrenchBasedCreoleLanguage of NewCaledonia. SIL code: CKS. ISO 639-2: cpf. Population: 2,000 (1996 C. Corne). Region: Southern, Ploum, Mont_Dore, and especially Saint Louis, near Noumea, and Paita. Alternate names: 'KALDOSH', 'CALDOCHE', PATOIS, PATOIS DE ST_LOUIS. Comments: Not intelligible with French. Used as first language by some who are also bilingual in French, and as second language by others, mainly Wallis Islanders. Investigation needed: bilingual proficiency, attitudes. Grammar. The only known writing is personal letters using French orthography.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |