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human language |
The subclass of Languages used by Humans.
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afro asiatic language | An AfroAsiaticLanguage is any one of 372 languages forming a major family of languages of Africa and Asia.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | alacalufan language | An AlacalufanLanguage is either of two languages found in the Chile that form a family of languages apparently unrelated to others. One of these two is now extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | algic language | An AlgicLanguage is any one of 40 languages forming a major family of languages.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | altaic language | An AltaicLanguage is any one of 65 languages forming a major family of languages.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | amto musan language | An AmtoMusanLanguage is either of two related languages of PapuaNewGuinea that form a family of languages apparently unrelated to others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | andamanese language | An AndamaneseLanguage is any of 13 related languages of the Andaman Islands of India that form a family of languages apparently unrelated to others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | araucanian language | An AraucanianLanguage is either of two languages found in the Chile and Argentina that form a family of languages apparently unrelated to others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | arawakan language | An ArawakanLanguage is any one of 60 languages forming a major family of languages apparently unrelated to other languages.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | aruan language | An AruanLanguage is any of eight related languages of Brazil that form a family of languages apparently unrelated to others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | arutani sape language | An ArutaniSapeLanguage is either of two languages found in Brazil and Venezuela that form a family of languages apparently unrelated to others. Both languages are now nearly extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | australian language | An AustralianLanguage is any one of 258 languages forming a major family of languages apparently unrelated to other languages.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | austro asiatic language | An AustroAsiaticLanguage is any one of 168 languages forming a major family of languages apparently unrelated to other languages.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | austronesian language | An AustronesianLanguage is any one of 1262 languages forming a major family of languages apparently unrelated to other languages.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | aymaran language | An AymaranLanguage is any of three languages found in SouthAmerica that form a family of languages apparently unrelated to others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | barbacoan language | A BarbacoanLanguage is any of seven languages found in SouthAmerica that form a family of languages apparently unrelated to others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | basque group language | A BasqueGroupLanguage is a small family of languages consisting entirely of three varieties of Basque from France and Spain and which are apparently unrelated to all other languages.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | bayono awbono language | A BayonoAwbonoLanguage is either of two languages found in Indonesia (Irian Jaya) that form a family of languages apparently unrelated to others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | caddoan language | A CaddoanLanguage is any of seven languages of the UnitedStates that form a family of languages apparently unrelated to others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | cahuapanan language | A CahuapananLanguage is either of two languages found in Peru that form a family of languages apparently unrelated to others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | cant language | A CantLanguage is the single EnglishTahitianLanguage known as the PitcairnNorfolkLanguage. This language is apparently unrelated to all other languages, thus forming a language family consisting of a single member.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | carib language | A CaribLanguage is any of 29 languages that form a family of related languages apparently unrelated to others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | chapacura wanham language | Of the 29 CaribLanguages, five more closely related languages are classified as a ChapacuraWanhamLanguage.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | chibchan language | A ChibchanLanguage is any of 22 languages that form a family of related languages apparently unrelated to others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | chimakuan language | A ChimakuanLanguage is the single language of the UnitedStates (Washington State) known as the QuileuteLanguage. This nearly extinct language is apparently unrelated to all other languages, thus forming a language family consisting of a single member.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | Chinese language | ChineseLanguage is a group of languages spoken mostly by a GroupOfPeople who live in China, Taiwan, HongKong, Singapore and expatriates from these places and their descendants. |
| | choco language | A ChocoLanguage is any of 10 languages that form a family of related languages apparently unrelated to others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | chon language | A ChonLanguage is either of two languages found in Argentina that form a family of languages apparently unrelated to others. Both of these languages are now nearly extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | chukotko kamchatkan language | A ChukotkoKamchatkanLanguage is any of five languages found in Russia (Asia) that form a family of languages apparently unrelated to others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | chumash group language | A ChumashGroupLanguage is any of seven languages found in the UnitedStates that form a family of languages apparently unrelated to others. All seven languages are now extinct meaning that this language family is also extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | coahuiltecan language | A CoahuiltecanLanguage is the single language of the UnitedStates (Oklahoma) known as the TonkawaLanguage. This now extinct language is apparently unrelated to all other languages, thus forming an extinct language family consisting of a single member.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | creole language | A CreoleLanguage is a PidginLanguage that has developed and become the mother tongue for a community of people. This process is called 'creolization' and results in an expanded vocabulary and grammar structure that allow for communication as rich and complex as that of non_creole languages. While pidgins are regarded as reduced languages, creoles are considered expanded languages. That is, while pidgins develop to enable communication in relatively isolated domains, creoles allow for a full range of expressive possibilities on a par with more 'recognized' languages.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | dravidian language | A DravidianLanguage is any one of 75 languages forming a major family of languages of southern India.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | east birds head language | An EastBirdsHeadLanguage is any of three languages found in Indonesia (Irian Jaya) that form a family of languages apparently unrelated to others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | east papuan language | An EastPapuanLanguage is any one of 36 languages forming a distinct family of languages of PapuaNewGuinea.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | eskimo aleut language | An EskimoAleutLanguage is any one of 11 languages forming a distinct family of languages of NorthAmerica.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | geelvink bay language | A GeelvinkBayLanguage is any one of 33 languages forming a distinct family of languages.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | guahiban language | A GuahibanLanguage is any of five languages found in Colombia that form a family of languages apparently unrelated to others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | gulf language | A GulfLanguage is any of four languages found in the Gulf of Mexico region of the UnitedStates that form a family of languages apparently unrelated to others. Since all four of these languages are now extinct, the entire language family is extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | harakmbet language | A HarakmbetLanguage is either of two languages found in Peru that form a family of languages apparently unrelated to others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | hokan language | A HokanLanguage is any one of 28 languages forming a distinct family of languages unrelated to others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | huavean language | A HuaveanLanguage is any of the four Huave languages found in Mexico that together form a family of languages apparently unrelated to others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | japanese group language | A JapaneseGroupLanguage is any of 12 related languages, spoken in Japan, forming a distinct family of languages that are unrelated to any others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | jivaroan language | A JivaroanLanguage is any of four related languages, spoken in Peru, forming a distinct family of languages that are unrelated to any others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | katukinan language | A KatukinanLanguage is any of three related languages, spoken in Brazil, forming a distinct family of languages that are unrelated to any others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | keres language | A KeresLanguage is either of two closely related languages, spoken in the UnitedStates, forming a distinct family of languages that are unrelated to any others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | khoisan language | A KhoisanLanguage is any of 29 closely related languages forming a distinct family of languages that are unrelated to any others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | kiowa tanoan language | A KiowaTanoanLanguage is any of six closely related languages, spoken in PapuaNewGuinea, forming a distinct family of languages that are unrelated to any others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | left may language | A LeftMayLanguage is any of seven closely related languages, spoken in PapuaNewGuinea, forming a distinct family of languages that are unrelated to any others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | lower mamberamo language | A LowerMamberamoLanguage is either of two closely related languages, spoken in Indonesia (Irian Jaya), forming a distinct family of languages that are unrelated to any others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | lule vilela language | A LuleVilelaLanguage is the single VilelaLanguage of Argentina. This language is apparently unrelated to all other languages, thus forming a language family consisting of a single member.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | macro ge language | A MacroGeLanguage is any one of 32 related languages forming a distinct family of languages that are unrelated to any others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | maku language | A MakuLanguage is any one of six related languages, spoken in SouthAmerica, forming a distinct family of languages that are unrelated to any others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | mascoian language | A MascoianLanguage is any one of five related languages, spoken in Paraguay, forming a distinct family of languages that are unrelated to any others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | mataco guaicuru language | A MatacoGuaicuruLanguage is any one of 11 related languages, spoken in SouthAmerica, forming a distinct family of languages that are unrelated to any others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | mayan language | A MayanLanguage is any one of 69 related languages forming a distinct family of languages that are unrelated to any others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | misumalpan language | A MisumalpanLanguage is any one of four related languages, spoken in Nicaragua and formerly in ElSalvador, forming a distinct family of languages that are unrelated to any others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | mixed language | A MixedLanguage is a SpokenHumanLanguage that combines grammar and lexical items from two or more languages to create a new language that is essentially a linguistic mixture.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | mixe zoque language | A MixeZoqueLanguage is any one of 16 related languages forming a distinct family of languages that are unrelated to any others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | mosetenan language | A MosetenanLanguage is the single TsimaneLanguage of Bolivia. This language is apparently unrelated to all other languages, thus forming a language family consisting of a single member.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | mura language | A MuraLanguage is the single MuraPirahaLanguage of Brazil. This language is apparently unrelated to all other languages, thus forming a language family consisting of a single member.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | muskogean language | A MuskogeanLanguage is any one of six related languages, spoken in the UnitedStates, forming a distinct family of languages that are unrelated to any others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | na dene language | A NaDeneLanguage is any one of 47 related languages forming a distinct family of languages that are unrelated to any others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | nambiquaran language | A NambiquaranLanguage is any one of five related languages, spoken in Brazil, forming a distinct family of languages that are unrelated to any others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | niger congo language | A NigerCongoLanguage is any one of 1489 related languages forming a distinct family of languages that are unrelated to any others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | nilo saharan language | A NiloSaharanLanguage is any one of 199 related languages forming a distinct family of languages that are unrelated to any others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | north caucasian language | A NorthCaucasianLanguage is any one of 34 related languages forming a distinct family of languages that are unrelated to any others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | oto manguean language | An OtoMangueanLanguage is any one of 172 related languages forming a distinct family of languages that are unrelated to any others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | paezan language | A PaezanLanguage is the single PaezLanguage of Colombia. This language is apparently unrelated to all other languages, thus forming a language family consisting of a single member.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | panoan language | A PanoanLanguage is any one of 30 related languages forming a distinct family of languages that are unrelated to any others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | peba yaguan language | A PebaYaguanLanguage is either of two closely related languages, spoken in Peru, forming a distinct family of languages that are unrelated to any others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | penutian language | A PenutianLanguage is any one of 33 related languages forming a distinct family of languages that are unrelated to any others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | pidgin language | A PidginLanguage is not the native language of anyone but is used as an auxiliary or supplemental language between two mutually unintelligible speech communities. Pidgins are reduced languages, characterized by having a limited vocabulary and a simple grammar which serve to satisfy basic communication needs. Historically these languages have primarily arisen in trade centers and plantations (with slaves from different language backgrounds), areas where large groups of people lacking a common language need to communicate. By definition, a pidgin has no native speakers, it is always a person's second (or more) language.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | quechuan language | A QuechuanLanguage is any one of 46 related languages forming a distinct family of languages that are unrelated to any others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | salishan language | A SalishanLanguage is any one of 27 related languages forming a distinct family of languages that are unrelated to any others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | salivan language | A SalivanLanguage is either of two closely related languages, spoken in Colombia and Venezuela, forming a distinct family of languages that are unrelated to any others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | sepik ramu language | A SepikRamuLanguage is any one of 104 related languages forming a distinct family of languages that are unrelated to any others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | siouan language | A SiouanLanguage is any one of 17 languages, spoken in NorthAmerica, forming a distinct family of languages that are unrelated to any others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | sko language | A SkoLanguage is any one of seven languages, spoken in PapuaNewGuinea and Indonesia, forming a distinct family of languages that are unrelated to any others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | south caucasian language | A SouthCaucasianLanguage is any one of five languages forming a distinct family of languages that are unrelated to any others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | subtiaba tlapanec language | A SubtiabaTlapanecLanguage is any one of four languages forming a distinct family of languages that are unrelated to any others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | tacanan language | A TacananLanguage is any one of six languages, spoken in Bolivia, forming a distinct family of languages that are unrelated to any others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | tai kadai language | A TaiKadaiLanguage is any one of 70 languages forming a distinct family of languages that are unrelated to any others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | tonal language | Any SpokenHumanLanguage that uses pitch to differentiate otherwise identical words, e.g. Chinese. |
| | torricelli language | A TorricelliLanguage is any one of 48 languages forming a distinct family of languages that are unrelated to any others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | totonacan language | A TotonacanLanguage is any one of 11 languages forming a distinct family of languages that are unrelated to any others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | trans new guinea language | A TransNewGuineaLanguage is any one of 552 languages forming a distinct family of languages that are unrelated to any others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | tucanoan language | A TucanoanLanguage is any one of 25 languages forming a distinct family of languages that are unrelated to any others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | tupi language | A TupiLanguage is any one of 70 languages forming a distinct family of languages that are unrelated to any others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | unclassified spoken language | An UnclassifiedSpokenLanguage is a SpokenHumanLanguage of unknown relationship to other SpokenHumanLanguages.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | uralic language | A UralicLanguage is any one of 38 languages forming a distinct family of languages that are unrelated to any others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | uru chipaya language | A UruChipayaLanguage is either of two languages found in Bolivia that form a family of languages apparently unrelated to others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | uto aztecan language | An UtoAztecanLanguage is any one of 62 languages forming a distinct family of languages that are unrelated to any others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | wakashan language | A WakashanLanguage is any of five languages found in Canada that form a family of languages apparently unrelated to others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | west papuan language | A WestPapuanLanguage is any one of 26 languages forming a distinct family of languages of Indonesia.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | witotoan language | A WitotoanLanguage is any of six related languages found in Peru and Colombia that form a family of languages apparently unrelated to others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | yanomam language | A YanomamLanguage is any of four languages found in Brazil and Venezuela that form a family of languages apparently unrelated to others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | yenisei ostyak language | A YeniseiOstyakLanguage is either of two languages found in Russia (Asia) that form a family of languages apparently unrelated to others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | yukaghir language | A YukaghirLanguage is either of two languages found in the Russia (Asia) that form a family of languages apparently unrelated to others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | yuki group language | A YukiGroupLanguage is either of two languages found in the UnitedStates that form a family of languages apparently unrelated to others. Both are now nearly extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | zamucoan language | A ZamucoanLanguage is either of two languages found in Paraguay that form a family of languages apparently unrelated to others.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | zaparoan language | A ZaparoanLanguage is any of seven languages primarily found in Peru that form a family of languages apparently unrelated to others. Many of these languages are now extinct or nearly extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| Instances | abinomn language | The AbinomnLanguage is a language isolate spoken in Indonesia (Irian Jaya). SIL code: BSA. ISO 639-2: paa. Population: 300 (1999 Clouse and Donohue). Region: Lakes Plain area, from the mouth of the Baso River just east of Dabra at the Idenburg River to its headwaters in the Foya Mts., Jayapura Kabupaten, Mamberamo Hulu Kecamatan. Alternate names: AVINOMEN, 'BASO', FOYA, FOJA. Comments: Completely unrelated to any language in the area. Very eager for literacy. Want to make their own dictionary and write their traditional stories. They strongly dislike the name 'Baso.' SOV. Schooling is very low.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | ainu japanese language | The AinuJapaneseLanguage is a language isolate spoken in Japan. SIL code: AIN. ISO 639-2: mis. Population: 15 active speakers (1996 Alexander Vovin). In the ethnic group: 15,000 in Japan. Population total both countries 15. Region: Kuril Islands (Tsishima), Hokkaido. Formerly also on south Sakhalin Island, Russia. Alternate names: AINU ITAK. Dialects: TSISHIMA, SAKHALIN. Comments: The last speaker of Sakhalin dialect died in 1994. There were at least 19 dialects. Bilingualism in Japanese. Most of the people speak only Japanese and are integrated into Japanese culture. The Ainu in China is a different, unrelated language. SOV. Nearly extinct. NT 1897. Also spoken in: Russia (Asia). (Language name: AINU.) Dialects: SAKHALIN (SAGHILIN), TARAIKA, HOKKAIDO (EZO, YEZO), KURIL (SHIKOTAN). Comments: Ainu has not been determined to be related linguistically to any other language. Sources list up to 19 dialects. The last speaker of Sakhalin dialect died in 1994. Except for 15 speakers (1996), the Ainu in Japan speak Japanese. The Ainu spoken in China is a different, unrelated language. Nearly extinct. NT 1897.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | andoque language | The AndoqueLanguage is a language isolate spoken in Colombia. SIL code: ANO. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: 518 to 600 speakers in Colombia, all of whom are reported to understand it, but few speak it (1998 Arango and Sanchez). Extinct in Peru (1992 SIL). There were 10,000 in 1908 (Landaburu 1979). Region: Aduche River (tributary of Caqueta) 15 km. down river from Araracuara, Amazonas. Alternate names: ANDOKE. Comments: Mason (1950:246 with disclaimer), Tax (1960:433), and Kaufman (1990:43 tentatively) say this is Witotoan. Tovar (1961:150), Witte (1981:1), and Aschmann (1993:2) say it is an isolate. 80% speak fair Spanish, 10% are monolingual. People are somewhat acculturated. Tropical forest. Rubber gatherers.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | burmeso language | The BurmesoLanguage is a language isolate spoken in Indonesia (Irian Jaya). SIL code: BZU. ISO 639-2: paa. Population: 250 (1998 Donohue). Region: Burmeso village and isolated temporary houses along nearby rivers, mid Mamberamo River between Trimuris and Sikari northeast of Danau Bira (Lake Holmes). Jayapura Kabupaten, Mamberamo Tengah Kecamatan. Alternate names: TAURAP, BOROMESO, BORUMESSO, BURUMESO, MONAU, MONAO, MANAU. Comments: Less than 5% lexical similarity with any other languages. Many proficient in Indonesian, more than surrounding groups. Many understand nearby languages. All domains. All ages. Vigorous. Interest in language strong. Not spoken by outsiders. Pride in ethnic identity. Dictionary. Fishermen, hunters, sago horticulturalists, animal husbandry: chickens, ducks. 200 meters. Christian.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | burushaski language | The BurushaskiLanguage is a language isolate spoken in Pakistan. SIL code: BSK. ISO 639-2: mis. Population: 55,000 to 60,000 (1981). Population total both countries: 55,000 to 60,000. Region: Hunza_Nagar area and Yasin area in Gilgit District, Northern Areas. Scattered speakers also in Gilgit, Kashmir, and various cities. Also spoken in India. Alternate names: BRUSHASKI, BURUSHAKI, BURUCAKI, BURUSHKI, BURUCASKI, BILTUM, KHAJUNA, KUNJUT. Dialects: NAGAR (NAGIR), HUNZA, YASIN (WERCHIKWAR). Comments: Werchikwar is geographically separated from other dialects. Nagar and Hunza dialects have 91% to 94% lexical similarity. Werchikwar has 67% to 72% lexical similarity with Hunza, 66% to 71% with Nagar, and may be a separate language. Werchikwar speakers are somewhat bilingual in Khowar. Knowledge of Urdu is limited among women and some others. People are called Burusho. SOV. Literacy rate in second language: 20%. Ismaili Muslim, Shi'a Muslim (Nagar).(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | busa language | The BusaLanguage is a language isolate spoken in PapuaNewGuinea. SIL code: BHF. ISO 639-2: paa. Population: 307 (1994 SIL). Region: Sandaun Province, Amanab District, north of Upper Sepik River, west of Namia. 3 villages. Yare is north and east, Abau is south and west, Biaka is northwest. Comments: No schools. Some intermarriage with the Yale. Lowland swamps. Hunter_gatherers. 300 feet.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | camsa language | The CamsaLanguage is a language isolate spoken in Colombia. SIL code: KBH. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: 4,022 (1998 Arango and Sanchez). Region: Sibundoy Valley, Putumayo region. Alternate names: KAMSA, COCHE, SIBUNDOY, KAMEMTXA, KAMSE, CAMENTSEA. Comments: Ruhlen and others classify it as Equatorial. Literacy rate in first language: 40%. Literacy rate in second language: 85%. Mountain slope. NT 1990.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | cayubaba language | The CayubabaLanguage is a language isolate spoken in Bolivia. SIL code: CAT. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: There may be 900 in the ethnic group (1991 W. H. Adelaar). Region: Beni Department, west of Mamore River, north of Santa Ana. Alternate names: CAYUWABA, CAYUVAVA. Comments: Ruhlen and others classify it as Equatorial. Bilingualism in Spanish. The ethnic group speaks Spanish. Extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | Chinese language | ChineseLanguage is a group of languages spoken mostly by a GroupOfPeople who live in China, Taiwan, HongKong, Singapore and expatriates from these places and their descendants. |
| | english language | The EnglishLanguage is an EnglishGroupLanguage of the UnitedKingdom. SIL code: ENG. ISO 639-1: en. ISO 639-2: eng. Population: 55,000,000 first language speakers in United Kingdom (1984 estimate). Population total all countries 341,000,000 first language speakers (1999 WA), 508,000,000 including second language speakers (1999 WA). Region: Also spoken in 104 other countries including American Samoa, Andorra, Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda, Aruba, Australia, Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Bermuda, Botswana, British Indian Ocean Territory, British Virgin Islands, Brunei, Cameroon, Canada, Cayman Islands, Cook Islands, Denmark. Dialects: COCKNEY, SCOUSE, GEORDIE, WEST COUNTRY, EAST ANGLIA, BIRMINGHAM (BRUMMY, BRUMMIE), SOUTH WALES, EDINBURGH, BELFAST, CORNWALL, CUMBERLAND, CENTRAL CUMBERLAND, DEVONSHIRE, EAST DEVONSHIRE, DORSET, DURHAM, BOLTON LANCASHIRE, NORTH LANCASHIRE, RADCLIFFE LANCASHIRE, NORTHUMBERLAND, NORFOLK, NEWCASTLE NORTHUMBERLAND, TYNESIDE NORTHUMBERLAND, LOWLAND SCOTTISH, SOMERSET, SUSSEX, WESTMORLAND, NORTH WILTSHIRE, CRAVEN YORKSHIRE, NORTH YORKSHIRE, SHEFFIELD YORKSHIRE, WEST YORKSHIRE. Comments: 60% lexical similarity with German, 27% with French, 24% with Russian. National language. Dictionary. Grammar. SVO, prepositions, genitives after noun heads, articles, adjectives, numerals before noun heads, question word initial, word order distinguishes subject, object, indirect objects, given and new information, topic and comment, active and passive, causative, comparative, consonant and vowel clusters, nontonal. Deciduous forest. Island, plains, hills. Industrial, fishermen, craftsman. Christian. Bible 1382-1989. Also spoken in: American Samoa. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Population: 1,248 first language speakers in American Samoa, foreign born (1970 census), 15,050 mainly second language speakers, representing 75% of the native born population. Comments: Official language. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: Anguilla. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Comments: National language. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: Antigua and Barbuda. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Comments: National language. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: Aruba. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Dialects: ARUBA ENGLISH. Comments: The third most important language. Bible 1382-1989. Also spoken in: Australia. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Population: 15,682,000 in Australia (1987), 95% of population (1980 WA). Dialects: AUSTRALIAN STANDARD ENGLISH, ABORIGINAL ENGLISH, NEO_NYUNGAR (NOONGA, NOONGAR, NOOGAR). Comments: Minor regional dialect differences. Neo_Nyungar is the community dialect of the Nyungar people. National language. Dictionary. Bible 1382-1989. Also spoken in: Bahamas. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Comments: National language. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: Barbados. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Population: 13,000 (1995). Comments: National language. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: Belize. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Population: Second language speakers: 55,998 in Belize (1991 census). Comments: Used in education, government, and business. National language. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: Bermuda. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Population: 58,800 in Bermuda (1989 estimate). Dialects: BERMUDAN ENGLISH. Comments: Colloquial English may not be a creole but a regional variety of uncreolized English. National language. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: Botswana. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Alternate names: SEKGOA. Comments: International trade, medium of western influences, language of instruction from fifth grade, written language, official purposes, as second language. Official language. Taught as a subject from the beginning of primary school as a required subject. Officially becomes the language of instruction in Standard 5. Standard 7 exams are written in English. Medium of instruction. Newspapers, magazines, radio programs, TV. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: British Indian Ocean Territory. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Comments: The indigenous population no longer resides in the islands. Current residents include members of the USA military, a small detachment of British officials, and support staff, mainly of Mauritian and Philippine origin. Official language. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: British Virgin Islands. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Population: 2,000 (1998). Comments: National language. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: Brunei. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Population: 8,000 in Brunei. 16% of ethnic Chinese speak English as first language. Probably other first language speakers. Comments: Government, education. Used increasingly by educated speakers as first or second language. National language. Newspapers, TV. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: Cameroon. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Comments: Official language. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: Canada. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Population: 17,100,000 mother tongue speakers in Canada, or 60% of the population (1998 Statistics Canada). 820,000 mother tongue speakers in Quebec (1995 Statistics Canada), plus another 1,500,000 in Quebec whose first or second language is English (1995 Statistics Canada). Dialects: NEWFOUNDLAND ENGLISH. Comments: National language. Bible 1382-1989. Also spoken in: Cayman Islands. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Population: 9,200 (1993). Comments: National language. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: Cook Islands. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Population: 683 in Cook Islands (1966 UN report). Comments: National language. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: Dominica. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Dialects: DOMINICAN ENGLISH. Comments: National language. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: Eritrea. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Comments: Language of higher education and many technical fields. National language. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: Ethiopia. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Population: 1,986 mother tongue speakers, 169,726 second language users (1998 census). Comments: Language of higher education, many technical fields, and international communication. Official language. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: Falkland Islands. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Population: 1,991 in Falkland Islands (1993 Johnstone). Comments: National language. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: Fiji. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Population: 4,929 Europeans in Fiji (1976 census). An additional 10,276 or 1.8% of population (1976 census) are part_European, and speak English and Fijian. Comments: Also used by many urban Chinese (4,652 in 1976), Rotuman, occasionally by Indians, rarely by Fijians (P. Geraghty 1981). Main language of commerce, education, government. There are also reports of a Fijian Pidgin English. National language. Newspapers, radio programs. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: Gambia. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Comments: Official language. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: Ghana. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Population: Second language speakers: 1,000,000 (1977 Voegelin and Voegelin). Comments: Official language. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: Gibraltar. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Population: 3,300 in Gibraltar (1993 Johnstone). Dialects: YANITO. Comments: Yanito is spoken by most Gibraltarians among themselves. It is a dialect of English with a strong Spanish influence, with over 500 words coming from Genoese (Ligurian) and Hebrew. Official language. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: Grenada. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Dialects: GRENADIAN ENGLISH. Comments: Post_creole English with French Creole influences (M. Alleyne). National language. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: Guam. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Population: 28,800 in Guam (1987). Comments: USA military and dependents. National language. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: Guyana. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Dialects: GUYANESE ENGLISH. Comments: Spoken as first language by some Blacks and some Hindustanis. National language. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: Honduras. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Population: 9,000 first language speakers in Honduras. Comments: Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: India. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Population: Second language speakers: 11,021,610 (1961 census). Comments: Official language. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: Ireland. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Population: 2,600,000 in Ireland (1983 estimate). Dialects: SOUTH HIBERNO ENGLISH, NORTH HIBERNO ENGLISH. Comments: National language. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: Israel. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Population: 100,000 in Israel (1993). Alternate names: ANGLIT. Comments: Official language. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: Jamaica. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Comments: National language. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: Kenya. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Population: Mainly second language speakers. Comments: Official language. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: Kiribati. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Population: 338 in Kiribati (1978 census). Comments: National language. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: Lebanon. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Comments: Has been used to some extent since the founding of the American University of Beirut in 1866. Many English language publications. Not spoken on the street or in Lebanese homes. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: Lesotho. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Comments: Official language. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: Liberia. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Population: 69,000 or 2.5% of the population are Americo_Liberian (1993). Dialects: LIBERIAN STANDARD ENGLISH. Comments: Official language. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: Malawi. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Population: 16,000 in Malawi (1993). Comments: Official language. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: Malaysia (Peninsular). (Language name: ENGLISH.) Comments: Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: Malta. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Population: 2,400 speakers in Malta (1993 Johnstone). Comments: National language. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: Marshall Islands. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Comments: Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: Mauritius. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Population: 3,000 in Mauritius (1993 Johnstone). Comments: Used in secondary school, courts, for road signs. Not widely known. Official language. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: Micronesia. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Population: 3,540 first language speakers in Micronesia, foreign born (1970 census). Comments: National language. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: Midway Islands. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Population: 2,256 in Midway (1975 WA). Comments: National language. 99% USA military. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: Montserrat. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Comments: National language. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: Namibia. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Population: 10,941 in Namibia (1991 census). Comments: Not understood or spoken by everyone. Official language. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: Nauru. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Population: 564 first language speakers, 7,254 including second language users (1979 Government figures). Comments: National language. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: Netherlands Antilles. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Comments: Post_creole English is the dialect used (Alleyne). The third most important language in Netherlands Antilles. Bible 1382-1989. Also spoken in: New Zealand. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Population: 3,213,000 in New Zealand (1987), 90% of the population. Comments: National language. Bible 1382-1989. Also spoken in: Nigeria. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Population: Second language speakers: 1,000,000 (1977 Voegelin and Voegelin). Comments: Used in government, education. Official language. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: Niue. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Population: Second language speakers in Niue: 2,082. Comments: National language. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: Norfolk Island. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Population: 1,678 in Norfolk Island (1980 Government report). Comments: National language. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: Northern Mariana Islands. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Comments: National language. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: Pakistan. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Comments: Mainly second language speakers in Pakistan. Official language. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: Palau. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Comments: National language. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: Papua New Guinea. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Population: 50,000 in Papua New Guinea (1987), 1.5% of the population. Comments: Official language. Used in schools. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: Philippines. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Population: 32,802 in Philippines (1990 census). 52% of the population said they could speak it as a second language (1980 census). Comments: National language. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: Pitcairn. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Comments: National language. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: Puerto Rico. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Population: 82,000 mother tongue speakers (1995), 376,371 second language users (1970 census). Comments: National language. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: Rwanda. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Population: Mainly second language speakers. Comments: There may be more users of English than of French. Official language. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: Seychelles. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Population: 1,601 in Seychelles (1971 census). Comments: Principal language of the schools. Official language. Bible 1382-1989. Also spoken in: Sierra Leone. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Comments: Used in administration, law, education, commerce. Official language. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: Singapore. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Population: 227,000 speakers, 8.9% of population, 729,000 second language users (literate in English) in Singapore, 28.5% of population (1985 estimate). Comments: Ethnic groups which use English: Chinese 154,000, 68%, European and Eurasian 34,000, 15%, Indian 32,000, 14%, Malay 6,000, 3%. Chinese varieties and Tamil also used at home. National language. Bible 1382-1989. Also spoken in: Solomon Islands. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Comments: National language. Bible 1382-1989. Also spoken in: Somalia. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Comments: Used more in the north. Official language. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: South Africa. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Population: 3,500,000 in South Africa (1991 Christos van Rensburg), 9.1% of the population (1995 The Economist). Comments: The main means of communication in urban areas. Many second generation people from India, Portugal, Germany, and Greece speak English as first language. Official language. Bible 1382-1989. Also spoken in: Sri Lanka. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Population: 97,000 first language speakers in Sri Lanka (1962). Comments: Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: St. Helena. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Comments: National language. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: St. Kitts_Nevis. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Comments: National language. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: St. Lucia. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Dialects: ST. LUCIAN ENGLISH. Comments: There is an emerging English vernacular on St. Lucia, in a certain rural area. It is significantly restructured, heavily French creole_influenced, English lexicon (Paul Garrett 1998). National language. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: St. Pierre and Miquelon. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Population: 188 in St. Pierre and Miquelon (1967 census). Comments: Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: St. Vincent and the Grenadines. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Comments: National language. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: Swaziland. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Comments: Taught in all government and private schools. National language. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: Tanzania. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Population: Second language speakers in Tanzania: 1,500,000 (1977 Voegelin and Voegelin). Comments: Used by some Asian residents as mother tongue. Taught in secondary school and university. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: Tokelau. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Comments: Used in schools. National language. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: Tonga. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Comments: Official language. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: Trinidad and Tobago. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Comments: National language. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: Turks and Caicos Islands. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Comments: National language. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: U.S. Virgin Islands. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Population: 8,414 mother tongue speakers in U.S. Virgin Islands (1970 census). Comments: National language. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: Uganda. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Population: Second language speakers: 1,000,000 (1977 Voegelin and Voegelin). Comments: Used in primary schools, law courts. Official language. Newspapers, radio programs. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: USA. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Population: 210,000,000 first language speakers in USA (1984 estimate). 8,400,000 USA residents with no one 14 years old or older who speaks fluent English, 38% or 7,700,000 households headed by immigrants. Dialects: BLACK ENGLISH. Comments: There are many regional dialects. Official language. Bible 1382-1989. Also spoken in: Vanuatu. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Population: 1,900 in Vanuatu (1995), 1.1% of the population. Comments: First language speakers are from the United Kingdom. Also spoken in: National language. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: Wake Island. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Population: 1,730 on Wake Island (1987). Comments: National language. 99% USA military. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: Western Samoa. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Comments: Official language. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: Zambia. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Population: 41,434 in Zambia (1969 census). Comments: Spoken as mother tongue by Europeans mainly. A small minority of Zambian Africans speak it as a mother tongue. Used as a second language. The only language of Parliament. Official language. Bible 1535-1989. Also spoken in: Zimbabwe. (Language name: ENGLISH.) Population: 375,490 in Zimbabwe (1969 census). Comments: Spoken by most Europeans and an increasing number of Africans. Used in all or most education. Official language. Newspapers. Bible 1535-1989.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | Faroese language | ISO_639_1: fo. The FaroeseLanguage is a West Scandinavian language spoken by inhabitants of the FaroeIslands, and by Faroese communities in Denmark. |
| | french language | A Romance language that is the official language of France and Belgium, and is widely spoken in Africa. |
| | german language | A Germanic language that is spoken primarily in Germany and Austria. |
| | gilyak language | The GilyakLanguage is a language isolate spoken in Russia (Asia). SIL code: NIV. ISO 639-2: mis. Population: 400 or slightly more mother tongue speakers (1991) out of an ethnic population of 4,400 (1996 G.A.Otaina). 100 Amur speakers out of 2,000 population, 300 Sakhalin speakers out of 2,700 population (1995 M. Krauss). Region: Sakhalin Island, many in Nekrasovka and Nogliki villages, small numbers in Rybnoe, Moskalvo, Chir_Unvd, Viakhtu, and other villages, and along the Amur River in Aleevka village. Alternate names: NIVKH, NIVKHI. Dialects: AMUR, EAST SAKHALIN GILYAK, NORTH SAKHALIN GILYAK. Comments: The Amur and East Sakhalin dialects have difficult inherent intelligibility with each other. North Sakhalin is between them linguistically. All members of the ethnic group are reported to be bilingual or monolingual in Russian. Most speakers are older than 50 years. The language has been written. Forced resettlement has weakened language use. Some are scattered and without regular contact with other speakers. Endangered. Taught through second grade in settlements at Nogliki and Nekrasovka. Not taught at Amur. Fishermen, agriculturalists (recently).(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | greek language | An Indo-European language that is spoken in Greece. |
| | itonama language | The ItonamaLanguage is a language isolate spoken in Bolivia. SIL code: ITO. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: (110 in ethnic group in 1969). Region: Beni Department and Itonamas River. Alternate names: MACHOTO, SARAMO. Comments: Bilingualism in Spanish. Only a few speakers 25 years ago. Ruhlen classifies it as Paezan. Dictionary. Nearly extinct. Bible portions 1967.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | japanese language | The JapaneseLanguage is the JapaneseProperLanguage (JapaneseGroupLanguage) of Japan. SIL code: JPN. ISO 639-1: ja. ISO 639-2: jpn. Population: 121,050,000 in Japan (1985). Population total all countries: 125,000,000 first language speakers (1999 WA), 126,000,000 including second language speakers (1999 WA). Region: Throughout the country. Also spoken in 26 other countries including American Samoa, Argentina, Australia, Belize, Brazil, Canada, Dominican Republic, Germany, Guam, Mexico, Micronesia, Mongolia, New Zealand, Northern Mariana Islands, Palau, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines. Dialects: WESTERN JAPANESE, EASTERN JAPANESE. Comments: Possibly related to Korean. The Kagoshima dialect is 84% cognate with Tokyo dialect. National language. Grammar. SOV, postpositions, demonstrative, numeral, adjective, possessive, relative clause, proper noun precede noun head, adverb precedes verb, sentence final question particle, CV. Hiragana, Katakana, and Kanji (Chinese character) writing systems. Buddhist, Shintoist. Bible 1883-1987. Also spoken in: Taiwan. (Language name: JAPANESE.) Population: 10,000 in Taiwan (1993). Comments: Used among a few elderly aboriginal speakers and some Chinese as second language. Trade language. Bible 1883-1987.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | karkar yuri language | The KarkarYuriLanguage is a language isolatespoken in PapuaNewGuinea. SIL code: YUJ. ISO 639-2: paa. Population: 1,142 (1994 SIL). Region: Sandaun Province, Amanab District, along the Irian Jaya border. Alternate names: YURI, KARKAR. Dialects: NORTH CENTRAL YURI, AUIA_TARAUWI, USARI. Comments: No known relationships. SOV. Literacy rate in first language: 25% to 50%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Tropical forest. Mountain slope. Swidden agriculturalists. 100 to 700 meters. NT 1994.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | kibiri language | The KibiriLanguage is a language isolate spoken in PapuaNewGuinea. SIL code: PRM. ISO 639-2: paa. Population: 1,100 (1977 SIL). Region: Gulf Province, Kikori District, near Aird Hills, on several tributaries of Kikori River,villages of Tipeowo, Doibo, Paile, Babaguina, Ero, and Wowa. Alternate names: POROME, POLOME. Dialects: AIRD HILLS (KIBIRI), POROME. Comments: Unrelated to other languages in Gulf Province. Different from Kairi, which is also called Kibiri. Literacy rate in first language: 15% to 25%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | korean language | The KoreanLanguage is a language isolate spoken in SouthKorea. SIL code: KKN. ISO 639-1: ko. ISO 639-2: kor. Population: 42,000,000 in South Korea (1986). Population: total all countries 78,000,000 (1999 WA). Region: Also spoken in 31 other countries including American Samoa, Australia, Bahrain, Belize, Brazil, Brunei, Canada, China, Germany, Guam, Japan, Kazakhstan, Korea, North, Kyrgyzstan, Mauritania, Mongolia, New Zealand, Northern Mariana Islands. Alternate names: HANGUOHUA, HANGUK MAL. Dialects: SEOUL (KANGWONDO, KYONGGIDO), CH'UNGCH'ONGDO (NORTH CH'UNGCH'ONG, SOUTH CH'UNGCH'ONG), KYONGSANGDO (NORTH KYONGSANGDO, SOUTH KYONGSANGDO), CHOLLADO (NORTH CHOLLADO, SOUTH CHOLLADO), CHEJU ISLAND. Comments: There is a difference of opinion among scholars as to whether or not Korean is related to Japanese. Some scholars suggest that both languages are possibly distantly related to Altaic. Dialect boundaries generally correspond to provincial boundaries. Some dialects are not easily intelligible with others (Voegelin and Voegelin 1977). The suffix -do on dialect names means 'province'. Comprehension of Standard Korean may be lower on Cheju Island. National language. Grammar. SOV. Higher adult illiteracy is reported on Cheju Island. Korean script (Hangul) used. The McCune_Reischauer system is the official Roman orthography in South Korea used for maps and signs. Buddhist, Christian. Bible 1911-1993. Also spoken in: China. (Language name: KOREAN.) Population: 1,920,597 in China (1990 census). Comments: Considered one of the main official nationalities. 'Chaoxian' is the name used in China. High level of education. Radio programs. Agriculturalists. Buddhist, Christian. Bible 1911-1993. See main entry under Korea, South. Also spoken in: Japan. (Language name: KOREAN.) Population: 670,000 in Japan, .5% of the population (1988). Comments: Bilingualism in Japanese. Buddhist, Christian. Bible 1911-1993. Also spoken in: Korea, North. (Language name: KOREAN.) Population: 20,000,000 in North Korea (1986). Dialects: HAMGYONGDO (NORTH HAMGYONGDO, SOUTH HAMGYONGDO), P'YONG'ANDO (NORTH P'YONG'ANDO, SOUTH P'YONG' ANDO), HWANGHAEDO. Comments: Dialect boundaries generally correspond to provincial boundaries. Some dialects are not easily intelligible with others (Voegelin and Voegelin 1977). National language. SOV. Korean script (Hangul). Buddhist_Confucianist, Christian. Bible 1911-1993. Also spoken in: Thailand. (Language name: KOREAN.) Comments: Buddhist, Christian. Bible 1911-1993.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | kutenai language | The KutenaiLanguage is a language isolate spoken in Canada. SIL code: KUN. ISO 639-2: kut. Population: 120 mother tongue speakers in Canada (1998 Statistics Canada). Population: total both countries 222. Region: Southeastern British Columbia. Alternate names: KTUNAXA, KOOTENAI, KOOTENAY. Comments: Bilingualism in English. All speakers are middle_aged or elderly. Columbia Lake Reserve EKCC is offering Kutenai as a second language course (1991). Dictionary. Grammar. Also spoken in: USA. (Language name: KUTENAI.) Population: 102 speakers in USA (1990 census). Alternate names: KTUNAXA, KOOTENAI. Comments: Bilingualism in English. All speakers are elderly. Columbia Lake Reserve in Canada is offering a Kutenai as a second language course (1991). See main entry under Canada.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | latin language | A Language that was spoken in ancient Rome and is still the official language of the Vatican. |
| | nihali language | The NihaliLanguage is a language isolate spoken in India. SIL code: NHL. ISO 639-2: mis. Population: 5,000 (1987). Region: Madhya Pradesh, Khandwa District, mainly around Temi (Tembi) village in Nimar District, Maharashtra, Buldana, Akola, Amravati, Jalgaon districts, 12 hamlets around Toranmal. Alternate names: NIHAL, NAHALI, NAHAL, KALTO, NAHALE. Comments: Nahale north of Amalwadi in Jalgaon District speak a language similar to Ahirani (Indo_European). Nihali and Nahali may be different languages. Nihal in Chikaldara taluk and Akola District have 25% lexical similarity with Korku (Munda). Nahal near Toranmal have 51% to 73% lexical similarity with several Bhil languages (Indo_European). They live in or near Korku villages, and identify closely with the Korku. Investigation needed: intelligibility with nearby Bhili languages, bilingual proficiency in Korku (Munda), Hindi, Marathi. Tropical forest. Mountain slope.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | pankararu language | The PankararuLanguage is a language isolate spoken in Brazil. SIL code: PAZ. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: Ethnic group: 3,676 (1995 AMTB). Region: Pernambuco, Alagoas. Alternate names: PANKARARA, PANKARU, PANCARU, PANCARE, PANKARAVU, PANKARORU. Comments: Possibly related to Kiriri. Highly acculturated. Monolingual in Portuguese. Extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | puelche language | The PuelcheLanguage is a language isolate spoken in Argentina. SIL code: PUE. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: 5 or 6 speakers. Extinct in Chile. Region: Pampas. Alternate names: GENNAKEN, PAMPA, NORTHERN TEHUELCHE. Comments: Distinct from Pehuenche dialect of Mapudungun. Nearly extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | puinave language | The PuinaveLanguage is a language isolate spoken in Colombia. SIL code: PUI. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: 2,000 in Colombia (1977 NTM). Population: total both countries 2,240. Region: Inirida River and tributaries, Territory of Guainia. Also spoken in Venezuela. Alternate names: PUINABE. Comments: Ruhlen and others classify it as related to Macu. Plains. NT 1964. Also spoken in: Venezuela. (Language name: PUINAVE.) Population: 240 in Venezuela (1975 Gaceta Indigenista). Alternate names: PUINARE. Comments: Ruhlen and others classify it as related to Macu. NT 1964.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | purepecha language | The PurepechaLanguage is a language isolate spoken in Mexico. SIL code: TSZ. ISO 639-2: nai. Population: 120,000 (1990 census). Region: Michoacan. Alternate names: TARASCO, TARASCAN, PHORHEPECHA, PORHE. Comments: Several varieties do not have functional intelligibility with each other. Dictionary. Grammar. NT 1969.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | russian language | A Slavic language that is spoken in Russia. |
| | sierra occidental language | The SierraOccidentalLanguage is a language isolate spoken in Mexico. SIL code: PUA. ISO 639-2: nai. Population: No estimate available. Region: Michoacan, western mountains, Zamora on the northern edge, Los Reyes de Salgado on the southwestern corner, Paracho on the eastern edge, including Pamatacuaro. Alternate names: WESTERN HIGHLAND PUREPECHA, TARASCO, TARASCAN. Comments: All Purepecha varieties do not have functional intelligibility with some other Purepecha: the western mountain variety has 60% intelligibility with Patzcuaro.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | spanish language | A Romance language that is the official language of Spain, Mexico, and many Central and South American countries. |
| | ticuna language | The TicunaLanguage is a language isolate spoken in Peru. SIL code: TCA. ISO 639-2: mis. Population: 8,000 in Peru (1998 SIL). Population total all countries: 24,000. Region: Northeastern Amazon River region, from Chimbote in Peru to San Antonio do Ica in Brazil. Also spoken in Brazil, Colombia. Alternate names: TIKUNA, TUKUNA. Comments: SVO. Literacy rate in first language: 30% to 60%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Christian, traditional religion. NT 1986. Also spoken in: Brazil. (Language name: TICUNA.) Population: 12,000 in Brazil. Alternate names: TIKUNA, TUKUNA, MAGUTA. Comments: NT 1986. Also spoken in: Colombia. (Language name: TICUNA.) Population: 4,000 in Colombia. Alternate names: TIKUNA, TUKUNA, TUCUNA. Comments: NT 1986.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | tol language | The TolLanguage is a language isolate spoken in Honduras. SIL code: JIC. ISO 639-2: cai. Population: 350 speakers (1997) out of an ethnic group of 593 (1990 Educacion Comunitaria para la Salud_Honduras). Also 19,000 ethnic Tolpan in the Department of Yoro, including some speakers. Region: Montana de la Flor, northern Francisco Morazan Department, north central Honduras. Alternate names: TOLPAN, JICAQUE, XICAQUE. Comments: No distinct dialects. It may be distantly related to Subtiaba of Nicaragua (extinct linguistically), Tlapaneco of Mexico, or the Hokan languages. Varying degrees of bilingualism in Spanish, adult male leaders are more fluent, women and children are more limited. Ethnic Tolpan who do not speak Tol speak Spanish. All ages. SOV. Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 10%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. Christian, traditional religion. NT 1993.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | trumai language | The TrumaiLanguage is a language isolate spoken in Brazil. SIL code: TPY. ISO 639-2: mis. Population: 78 (1995 AMTB). Region: Xingu Park, source of Xingu River, villages along banks, Mato Grosso. Comments: Ruhlen and others classify it as Equatorial. They are intermarrying with speakers of other languages. They trade extensively with other groups. Agriculturalists: manioc, peppers, beans.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | tuxa language | The TuxaLanguage is a language isolate spoken in Brazil. SIL code: TUD. ISO 639-2: mis. Population: Ethnic group: 900 (1995 AMTB). Region: Bahia, Pernambuco. Alternate names: TUSHA, TODELA. Comments: Ruhlen and others classify it as Equatorial. People are monolingual in Portuguese. Extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | warao language | The WaraoLanguage is a language isolate spoken in Venezuela. SIL code: WBA. ISO 639-2: mis. Population: 18,000 in Venezuela (1993 UBS). Population: total all countries 18,000. Region: On the delta of the Orinoco River, Delta Amacuro, Sucre, Monagas. Also spoken in Guyana, Suriname. Alternate names: GUARAUNO, GUARAO, WARRAU. Comments: All ages. NT 1974. Also spoken in: Guyana. (Language name: WARAO.) Population: A few speakers in Guyana out of 4,700 in the ethnic group (1990 J. Forte). Alternate names: WARAU, WARRAU, GUARAO, GUARAUNO. Comments: Bilingualism in Guyanese. In Guyana only the older people speak the language. NT 1974. Also spoken in: Suriname. (Language name: WARAO.) Population: A very small number of individuals in Suriname. Alternate names: WARRAU, GUARAO, GUARAUNO. Comments: Bilingualism in Guyanese. All speakers in Suriname are elderly. NT 1974.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | yale language | The YaleLanguage is a language isolate spoken in PapuaNewGuinea. SIL code: NCE. ISO 639-2: paa. Population: 600 (1991 SIL). Region: Sandaun Province, Amanab District, west of Namia. Kwomtari is north, Abau is south, Busa is southwest, Biaka is west, Anggor and Amanab are northwest. 6 villages. Alternate names: NAGATMAN, NAGATIMAN, YARE, YADE. Comments: 2 very similar dialects. Most men up to 35 years old have routine proficiency in Tok Pisin. There is some intermarriage with the Busa. 'Nagatman' is a corrupted name of 1 village, not a language name. SOV. Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 15%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. Tropical forest. Sago swamps. Hunter_gatherers, some cultivation: sugar cane, tobacco, sweet potatoes, taro. 300 feet.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | yamana language | The YamanaLanguage is a language isolate spoken in Chile. SIL code: YAG. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: 3 women speakers (Anne Chapmen), who are married to Spanish men and raised their children as Spanish speakers (1990 A. Salas and A. Valencia). Region: Patagonia, Isla Navarino, Puerto Williams, Ukika hamlet. Extinct in Argentina. Alternate names: YAGHAN, YAGAN, TEQUENICA, HAUSI KUTA. Comments: Tovar (1961) says it was closest to Qawasqar, and had some relationship to Ona. Earlier there were up to five dialects. Bilingualism in Spanish. Speakers from 56 to 70 years old (1990). One report says that there are still speakers near the Beagle Canal Naval Base in Chile. Their name for their language is 'Hausi Kuta.' Dictionary. Nearly extinct. Bible portions 1881-1886.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | yuchi language | The YuchiLanguage is a language isolate spoken in the UnitedStates. SIL code: YUC. ISO 639-2: nai. Population: 12 to 19 fluent speakers (1997), out of 1,500 population (1977 SIL). Region: Among Creek people in east central Oklahoma. Alternate names: UCHEAN. Comments: Bilingualism in English. All speakers are middle_aged or older. Dictionary. Nearly extinct.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | yuracare language | The YuracareLanguage is a language isolate spoken in Bolivia. SIL code: YUE. ISO 639-2: sai. Population: 500 to 2,500 speakers (1991 Adelaar) including 3,000 in the ethnic group (1996 NTM). Region: Beni and Cochabamba departments, scattered primarily along the Chapare River. Alternate names: YURA. Dialects: MANSINYO, SOLOTO. Comments: Bible portions 1956-1965.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |
| | zuni language | The ZuniLanguage is a language isolate spoken in the UnitedStates. SIL code: ZUN. ISO 639-2: zun. Population: 6,413 speakers (1980 census). Region: New Mexico, south of Gallup. Alternate names: ZUNI. Comments: Includes 31 monolinguals (1980). Speakers were 85.5% of the population below 18 years of age, 6.2% above 18 (1980). Children are being raised speaking the language (1998). Vigorous. Literacy rate in first language: Below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 75% to 100%. Bible portions 1941-1970.(extract from http://www.ethnologue.com/) |